НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АЛЛО- И КСЕНОГРАФТНЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ПРИ РАЗРАБОТКЕ ПРОТИВОРАКОВЫХ ВАКЦИН И ОНКОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ВИРУСОВ

На настоящий момент онкологические заболевания являются одной из основных причин смертности и заболеваемости у населения. Последние достижения в области изучения молекулярно-генетических механизмов онкогенеза и иммунного ответа организма открывают широкие возможности для создания новых эффективных средств борьбы с неопластическими заболеваниями, более специфичных к опухолевым клеткам и менее токсичных для организма. Одними из наиболее многообещающих подходов являются иммунотерапевтические противораковые вакцины и онколитические вирусы. Для проведения быстрого и надежного скрининга и доклинического тестирования необходимо использование релевантных животных моделей. Такие модели обеспечивают возможность воспроизвести микроокружение и васкуляризацию опухоли, а также, в некоторой мере, воздействие иммунной системы. Наиболее активно в исследованиях раковых заболеваний используются аллографтные и ксенографтные опухолевые модели. Аллогенная трансплантация предполагает перенос раковых клеток или фрагментов опухоли от одного организма к другому организму того же вида. Ксенопластическая трансплантация предполагает перенос опухолевых клеток или тканей между организмами, относящимися к разным биологическим видам. Для ксенотрансплантации могут быть использованы как клеточные линии, так и клетки опухоли, полученные от пациентов в результате биопсии. За последние несколько десятилетий исследователям удалось разработать целый ряд линий иммунодефицитных мышей и крыс, пригодных для использования в качестве моделей человеческих опухолей. Однако несмотря на достигнутые успехи такие модели имеют существенные ограничения, связанные с невозможностью полностью воспроизвести микроокружение опухоли, реконструировать функциональную иммунную систему человека у мышей, а также с развитием реакции отторжения трансплантата. Таким образом при планировании экспериментов необходим тщательный анализ и критическое рассмотрение достоинств и недостатков различных линий животных, используемых в экспериментальной онкологии.

рак, иммунные ответ, иммунотерапия, онколитические вирусы, противораковые вакцины, аллографтные модели, ксенографтные модели, лабораторные животные

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