Характеристика иммунной системы у больных длительным COVID-19 (обзор литературы)

Описательный обзор посвящен анализу данных литературы о характеристике иммунной системы и ее роли в патогенезе длительного COVID-19. Рассматриваются определения длительного COVID-19, его распространенность, сведения о гетерогенности клинических проявлений, затрудняющей своевременную постановку диагноза при отсутствии информативных биомаркеров, а также факторы риска. Подчеркивается, что механизмы, лежащие в основе длительного COVID-19, до конца не изучены;  одна из существующих гипотез отводит центральную роль в длительном сохранении клинических симптомов взаимодействию персистирущего вируса и измененной иммунной системы. Анализ характеристик врожденного иммунитета свидетельствует о провоспалительном характере изменений фагоцитов и тучных клеток, компонентов системы комплемента, цитокинов. Активация клеток врожденного иммунитета более выражена при некоторых фенотипах  длительного COVID-19, в частности, у больных с неврологическими и сердечно-сосудистыми проявлениями. Еще одним механизмом персистирующего воспаления являются изменения  адаптивного иммунитета, включающие устойчивую активацию  Т-клеток, специфичных к антигенам SARS-CoV-2, у больных длительным COVID-19, а также снижение выраженности ответа CD4+ Т-клеток на антигены SARS-CoV-2 у лиц из группы выздоровевших и повышение содержания Т-клеток памяти у больных длительным COVID-19. Это персистирующее воспаление наряду с изменениями ткани  и стрессовой  реакции способствует дисфункции иммунной системы  и неспособности элиминировать остаточный вирус, создавая порочный круг. Подчеркивается, что изменения субпопуляций Т-клеток с различными маркерами активации не всегда связаны с длительным COVID-19, тогда как биомаркеры, связанные с антигенами   SARS-CoV-2, гораздо более информативны. Сведения о наличии аутоантител  при длительном COVID-19 противоречивы и зависят от метода их определения, биоматериала и клинических различий обследуемых больных. Наряду с накоплением доказательств роли аутоиммунных реакций в развитии симптомов длительного COVID-19,  описан ряд крупномасштабных исследований, указывающих на более высокую частоту возникновения новых аутоиммунных заболеваний у людей после COVID-19 по сравнению с контрольными группами. Считается, что выявленные изменения в иммунной системе обусловлены скрытой персистенцией SARS-CoV-2 и реактивацией других вирусов. Таким образом, больные с длительным COVID-19 -  это, как правило, разнородная по клиническим характеристикам и патогенезу группа с хроническим воспалением, и дальнейшее понимание патогенеза длительного COVID-19 будет возможно только при выделении отдельных  фенотипов и эндотипов, которые станут основой для разработки методов дифференцированной терапии. 

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