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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-ISC-3480</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3480</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Характеристика иммунной системы у больных длительным COVID-19 (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Immune System Characteristics in Patients with Long COVID-19: A Literature Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-3406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинский</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinsky</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., в.н.с. лаборатории изучения мультиморбидности ревматических заболеваний</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Doctor of Science,  Leading Research Scientist, Head of the Laboratory for the Study of Multimorbidity in Rheumatic Diseases  </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivan.shirinsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-9303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинский</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinsky</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, д.м.н., Заслуженный врач России, в.н.с. лаборатории изучения мультиморбидности ревматических заболеваний</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading Research Scientist, Laboratory for the Study of Multimorbidity in Rheumatic Diseases  </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valery.shirinsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт терапии и профилактической медицины — филиал Института цитологии и генетики СО РАН,&#13;
Новосибирск, Российская Федерация</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>3480</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ширинский И.В., Ширинский В.С., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ширинский И.В., Ширинский В.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shirinsky I.V., Shirinsky V.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3480">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3480</self-uri><abstract><p>Описательный обзор посвящен анализу данных литературы о характеристике иммунной системы и ее роли в патогенезе длительного COVID-19. Рассматриваются определения длительного COVID-19, его распространенность, сведения о гетерогенности клинических проявлений, затрудняющей своевременную постановку диагноза при отсутствии информативных биомаркеров, а также факторы риска. Подчеркивается, что механизмы, лежащие в основе длительного COVID-19, до конца не изучены;  одна из существующих гипотез отводит центральную роль в длительном сохранении клинических симптомов взаимодействию персистирущего вируса и измененной иммунной системы. Анализ характеристик врожденного иммунитета свидетельствует о провоспалительном характере изменений фагоцитов и тучных клеток, компонентов системы комплемента, цитокинов. Активация клеток врожденного иммунитета более выражена при некоторых фенотипах  длительного COVID-19, в частности, у больных с неврологическими и сердечно-сосудистыми проявлениями. Еще одним механизмом персистирующего воспаления являются изменения  адаптивного иммунитета, включающие устойчивую активацию  Т-клеток, специфичных к антигенам SARS-CoV-2, у больных длительным COVID-19, а также снижение выраженности ответа CD4+ Т-клеток на антигены SARS-CoV-2 у лиц из группы выздоровевших и повышение содержания Т-клеток памяти у больных длительным COVID-19. Это персистирующее воспаление наряду с изменениями ткани  и стрессовой  реакции способствует дисфункции иммунной системы  и неспособности элиминировать остаточный вирус, создавая порочный круг. Подчеркивается, что изменения субпопуляций Т-клеток с различными маркерами активации не всегда связаны с длительным COVID-19, тогда как биомаркеры, связанные с антигенами   SARS-CoV-2, гораздо более информативны. Сведения о наличии аутоантител  при длительном COVID-19 противоречивы и зависят от метода их определения, биоматериала и клинических различий обследуемых больных. Наряду с накоплением доказательств роли аутоиммунных реакций в развитии симптомов длительного COVID-19,  описан ряд крупномасштабных исследований, указывающих на более высокую частоту возникновения новых аутоиммунных заболеваний у людей после COVID-19 по сравнению с контрольными группами. Считается, что выявленные изменения в иммунной системе обусловлены скрытой персистенцией SARS-CoV-2 и реактивацией других вирусов. Таким образом, больные с длительным COVID-19 -  это, как правило, разнородная по клиническим характеристикам и патогенезу группа с хроническим воспалением, и дальнейшее понимание патогенеза длительного COVID-19 будет возможно только при выделении отдельных  фенотипов и эндотипов, которые станут основой для разработки методов дифференцированной терапии. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This descriptive review analyzes the available literature on the characteristics the immune system and its role in the pathogenesis of long COVID. The review examines proposed definitions of long COVID, its prevalence, the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations, the challenges of timely diagnosis in the absence of reliable biomarkers, and known risk factors. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying long COVID remain incompletely understood. One of the leading hypotheses suggests that persistent clinical symptoms are driven by interactions between viral persistence and an altered immune system.Analysis of available data on innate immunity indicates predominantly proinflammatory alterations involving phagocytic cells, mast cells, components of the complement system, and cytokines. These alterations appear to be more pronounced in certain long COVID phenotypes, particularly neurological and cardiopulmonary phenotypes. Another important mechanism underlying persistent inflammation involves alterations in adaptive immunity, including sustained activation of SARS-CoV-2-specific T lymphocytes in patients with long COVID for up to six months after infection, together with a reduced CD4+ T-cell response in recovered individuals and an increased proportion of memory T cells in patients with long COVID. Persistent inflammation, combined with tissue alterations and chronic stress responses, may contribute to immune dysfunction and impaired clearance of residual virus, thereby creating a vicious cycle.Quantitative assessment of T-lymphocyte subsets expressing activation markers is not consistently associated with long COVID, whereas biomarkers directly associated with SARS-CoV-2 antigens appear to be more informative. Data regarding the presence of autoantibodies remain contradictory and depend on detection methods, the analyzed biological material, and clinical differences among patient populations. Several large-scale studies have demonstrated a significantly increased incidence of newly diagnosed autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 compared with uninfected controls.The identified immune alterations are believed to be associated with latent persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and reactivation of other viruses. Overall, patients with long COVID represent a heterogeneous and typically multimorbid population characterized by chronic inflammation and diverse immunopathogenetic features. Further advances in understanding long COVID will likely depend on identifying distinct phenotypes and endotypes, which may provide the basis for personalized therapeutic approaches.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>длительный COVID-19</kwd><kwd>распространенность</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>адаптивный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>антитела к SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>аутоантитела</kwd><kwd>иммунопатогенез.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>long COVID</kwd><kwd>prevalence</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>adaptive immunity</kwd><kwd>T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2 antibodies</kwd><kwd>autoantibodies</kwd><kwd>immunopathogenesis.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Подготовка обзора осуществлялась за счет средств, направленных на выполнение государственного задания НИИТПМ – филиал ИЦиГ, тема FWNR-2024-0002</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The preparation of  review was funded by State assignment to Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (NIITPM) –Branch of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, registration FWNR-2024-0002</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acosta-Ampudia Y, Monsalve DM, Rojas M, Rodríguez Y, Zapata E, Ramírez-Santana C, Anaya JM. 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