Недавние тимические эмигранты как клеточная основа формирования иммунного гомеостаза

Морфологическую основу гомеостатической иммунной системы составляют лимфоидные и кроветворные органы (костный мозг, тимус, селезенка, лимфатические узлы), а также многочисленные скопления лимфоидных клеток, разбросанных по различным органам и тканям организма. По морфофункциональной значимости их разделяют на центральные (тимуса и костный мозг) и периферические (селезенка и лимфатические узлы с тканевыми скоплениями). Костный мозг является источником таких иммунокомпетентных клеток, как: предшественники тимоцитов, макрофаги, дендритные клетки, В лимфоциты. Единственным местом производства Т лимфоцитов, и только их, является тимус, и только он, один из двух центральных органов иммунной системы. В тимусе, в процессе дифференцировки и пролиферации тимоцитов, в конце концов формируется две популяции Т-клеток, включая Т-регуляторные клетки (Treg) и Т-клетки предшественники будущих nТ-клеток на периферии. Главное, что в тимусе не происходит дифференцировки Т-клеток в Т-клетки эффекторных субпопуляций (Th1, Th2, Th3…, в цитотоксические лимфоциты). Это прерогатива периферии. Однако, прежде чем стать эффекторными клетками на периферии, Т-клетки мигрируют из тимуса и находятся в циркуляции в течение определенного времени, не оседая во вторичных лимфоидных органах. Они как бы уже не тимоциты, но еще не наивные Т-клетки на периферии, они недавние тимические эмигранты (НТЭ). Таким образом, они представляют собой отдельную популяцию Т-клеток, одну из трех макропопуляций Т-клеток, две из которых представляют Т-клетки в тимусе (тимоциты) и наивные Т-клетки на периферии. Причем, клетки всех этих трех макропопуляций отличаются друг от друга по целому ряду морфофункциональных характеристик. Клетки НТЭ становятся объектом оценки их количественных и качественных характеристик. Оказалось, что при многих заболеваниях с иммунопатогенезом, а возможно и при всех, количество НТЭ уменьшается в зависимости от вида заболевания и стадии ее развития. При этом в отдельных случаях имеются данные об изменении процентного содержания среди НТЭ Treg-клеток и других Т-клеток, так же как и содержания CD4⁺ и CD8⁺Т-клеток. Данные изменения процентного содержания среди НТЭ различных субпопуляций связаны с патогенезом основного заболевания. Таким образом, кажется несомненной необходимостью разрабатывать комплексные методы количественной и качественной оценки популяции клеток НТЭ в качестве мишеней как диагностики, так и терапии иммунокомпрометированных заболеваний. Можно предположить, что такая оценка ляжет в основу до клинического выявления заболевания и утяжеления его течения.

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