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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-RTE-3298</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3298</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Недавние тимические эмигранты как клеточная основа формирования иммунного гомеостаза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Recent thymic emigrants as a cellular basis for the formation of immune homeostasis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-1782</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козлов Владимир Александрович – д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель, лаборатория клинической иммунопатологии </p><p>630099, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Kozlov - PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Full Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Director</p><p>14 Yadrintsevskaya St Novosibirsk 630099 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vakoz40@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>223</fpage><lpage>240</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Козлов В.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Козлов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kozlov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3298">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3298</self-uri><abstract><p>Морфологическую основу гомеостатической иммунной системы составляют лимфоидные и кроветворные органы (костный мозг, тимус, селезенка, лимфатические узлы), а также многочисленные скопления лимфоидных клеток, разбросанных по различным органам и тканям организма. По морфофункциональной значимости их разделяют на центральные (тимуса и костный мозг) и периферические (селезенка и лимфатические узлы с тканевыми скоплениями). Костный мозг является источником таких иммунокомпетентных клеток, как: предшественники тимоцитов, макрофаги, дендритные клетки, В лимфоциты. Единственным местом производства Т лимфоцитов, и только их, является тимус, и только он, один из двух центральных органов иммунной системы. В тимусе, в процессе дифференцировки и пролиферации тимоцитов, в конце концов формируется две популяции Т-клеток, включая Т-регуляторные клетки (Treg) и Т-клетки предшественники будущих nТ-клеток на периферии. Главное, что в тимусе не происходит дифференцировки Т-клеток в Т-клетки эффекторных субпопуляций (Th1, Th2, Th3…, в цитотоксические лимфоциты). Это прерогатива периферии. Однако, прежде чем стать эффекторными клетками на периферии, Т-клетки мигрируют из тимуса и находятся в циркуляции в течение определенного времени, не оседая во вторичных лимфоидных органах. Они как бы уже не тимоциты, но еще не наивные Т-клетки на периферии, они недавние тимические эмигранты (НТЭ). Таким образом, они представляют собой отдельную популяцию Т-клеток, одну из трех макропопуляций Т-клеток, две из которых представляют Т-клетки в тимусе (тимоциты) и наивные Т-клетки на периферии. Причем, клетки всех этих трех макропопуляций отличаются друг от друга по целому ряду морфофункциональных характеристик. Клетки НТЭ становятся объектом оценки их количественных и качественных характеристик. Оказалось, что при многих заболеваниях с иммунопатогенезом, а возможно и при всех, количество НТЭ уменьшается в зависимости от вида заболевания и стадии ее развития. При этом в отдельных случаях имеются данные об изменении процентного содержания среди НТЭ Treg-клеток и других Т-клеток, так же как и содержания CD4+ и CD8+Т-клеток. Данные изменения процентного содержания среди НТЭ различных субпопуляций связаны с патогенезом основного заболевания. Таким образом, кажется несомненной необходимостью разрабатывать комплексные методы количественной и качественной оценки популяции клеток НТЭ в качестве мишеней как диагностики, так и терапии иммунокомпрометированных заболеваний. Можно предположить, что такая оценка ляжет в основу до клинического выявления заболевания и утяжеления его течения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Morphological basis of the homeostatic immune system is made up of lymphoid and hematopoietic organs, as well as numerous clusters of lymphoid cells scattered throughout various organs and tissues of the body. According to their morpho-functional significance, they are divided into central and peripheral organs. The thymic gland is the only place where T lymphocytes are produced. In the thymus, thymocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation, eventually leading to the formation of two T cell populations. The main issue is that there is no differentiation of T cells in the thymus into T cells of effector subpopulations. This is the prerogative of the periphery. However, before becoming effector cells at the periphery, T cells migrate from the thymus and remain in circulation for a certain time without settling in secondary lymphoid organs. These cells are no longer thymocytes, but they are not yet naive T cells on the periphery, being recent thymic emigrants (NTE). Thus, they represent a separate population of T cells, one of three dominant populations of T cells. Moreover, the cells of all these three macropopulations differ from each other in a number of morphofunctional characteristics. NTE cells become the object of evaluating their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. It turned out that in many diseases with immunopathogenetic component (and, possibly, in all of them), the number of NETs decreases depending on the type of disease and its stage of development. In some cases, there is evidence of changes in percentage of Treg cells and other T cells among NETs, as well as changing ratios of CD4+ and CD8+T cells. These changes in the relative contents of different subpopulations among NETs are associated with pathogenesis of underlying disease. Thus, it seems to be a strong necessity to develop comprehensive methods of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the population of NTE cells as targets for both diagnosis and therapy of immunocompromised diseases. One may assume that such an assessment will form the diagnostic basis before clinical detection of the disease and/or aggravation of its course.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тимус</kwd><kwd>старение</kwd><kwd>миграция Т-клеток</kwd><kwd>Т-регуляторные клетки</kwd><kwd>тимические эмигранты</kwd><kwd>иммунный гомеостаз</kwd><kwd>иммунопатология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thymus</kwd><kwd>aging</kwd><kwd>T cell migration</kwd><kwd>T regulatory cells</kwd><kwd>thymic emigrants</kwd><kwd>immune homeostasis</kwd><kwd>immunopathology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adegoke A.O., Thangavelu G., Chou T.-F., Petersen M.I., Kakugawa K., May J.F., Joannou K., Wang Q., Ellestad K.K., Boon L., Bretscher P.A., Cheroutre H., Kronenberg M., Baldwin T.A., Anderson C.C. 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