CHRONIC URTICARIAL IN CHILDHOOD. IMMUNE PATHOLOGY OF CHRONIC URTICARIAL IN CHILDREN (PART I)
https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-2013-3-203-214
Abstract
Abstract. This section of our review article deals with prevalence, genetic factors, and some immune mechanisms of chronic urticaria in children. In any form of chronic urticaria, the main pathogenetic role is ascribed to mast cells and basophiles. Increased production of cyto- and chemokines, e.g., CCL2, CХCL8, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, is observed during chronic inflammatory reactions typical to this disease. Activation of mast cells and basophiles proceeds via specific receptors on the target cell membranes. Autoimmune urticaria is of special importance. In this disorder, autoantibodies are directed against IgE or FCεRIα, thus causing histamine release, due to cross-linking of α-chains of high-affinity IgE receptor, or binding of IgE fixed on the mast cells. Degranulation of basophils is followed by occurrence of activation molecules (СD203с, CD63). Some workers presumet that association between СD203с expression and positive autologous serum skin test may be a sign of autoimmune process. Increased expression of CD40L ligand on the surface of activated T cells suggests enhanced signaling for B cell activation and production of autoantibodies.
About the Authors
N. A. Sinelnikova
St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
PhD candidate, Department of Faculty Pediatrics
198097, Stachek pr., 32, apt 42. Phone: 7 (921) 302-28-00. Fax: 7 (812) 542-80-14
N. M. Kalinina
All-Russian Center of Extremal and Radiation Medicine, Russian Ministry of Extreme Situations, St. Petersburg
Russian Federation
PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor
Russian Federation
PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor
N. D. Savenkova
St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Department of Faculty Pediatrics
References
1. Асирян Е.Г. Особенности диагностики и клинической картины атопического дерматита и крапивницы при лямблиозе у детей // Вестник Витебского государственного медицинского университета. – 2009. – № 4. – C. 45-49. Asiryan E.G. Osobennosti diagnostiki i klinicheskoy kartiny atopicheskogo dermatita i krapivnitsy pri lyamblioze u detey [Particularity of diagnostic and clinical features of atopic dermatitis and urticaria at lambliosis in children]. Vestnik Vitebskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta – Bulletin of Vitebsk state medical university, 2009, no. 4, pp. 45-49.
2. Витрук Т.Ю., Рязанцева Н.В., Пестерев П.Н., Мустафина Л.Р. Особенности экспрессии маркеров апоптоза клетками кожи при старении // Бюллетень сибирской медицины. – 2008. – № 2. – C. 23-29. Vitruk T.Yu., Ryazantseva N.V., Pesterev P.N., Mustafina L.R. Osobennosti ekspressii markerov apoptoza kletkami kozhi pri starenii [Features of skin cells’s apoptosis markers expression in consenescence]. Byulleten` sibirskoy meditsiny – Siberian medical bulletin, 2008, no. 2, pp. 23-29.
3. Горячкина Л.А, Кашина К.П. Клиническая аллергология и иммунология: Руководство для практикующих врачей – М.: Миклош, 2011. – 223 c. Goryachkina L.A., Kashina K.P. Klinicheskaya allergologiya i immunologiya. Rukovodstvo dlya praktikuyushchikh vrachey [Clinical allergology and immunology. Guidelines for clinicians]. Moscow, Miklosh – Miklosh, 2011. 223 p.
4. Горячкина Л.А., Ненашева Н.М., Борзова Е.Ю. Крапивница // Новости медицины и фармации. – 2010. – № 322. – C. 10-22. Goryachkina L.A., Nenasheva N.M., Borzova E.Yu. Krapivnitsa [Urticaria]. Novosti meditsiny i farmatsii – News of medicine and pharmacology, 2010, no. 322, pp. 10-22.
5. Гусельникова В.В., Пронина А.П., Назаров П.Г., Полевщиков А.В. Происхождение тучных клеток: современное состояние проблемы // Сборник научных трудов «Вопросы морфологии ХХI века». К 80-летию со дня рождения профессора А.А. Клишова. – 2010. – № 2. – C. 108-115. Gusel`nikova V.V., Pronina A.P., Nazarov P.G., Polevshchikov A.V. Proiskhozhdenie tuchnykh kletok: sovremennoe sostoyanie problemy [The genesis of must cells: modern condition of the problem]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov “Voprosy morfologii HHI veka”. K 80-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora A.A. Klishova [Collection of scientific works “Morphology questions of the XXI sentury”. To the 80-th year of birth of professor A.A. Klishov]. 2010, no. 2, pp. 108-115.
6. Добродеева Л.К. Содержание иммуноглобулина E в сыворотке крови у людей, проживающих на Европейской территории России // Экология человека. – 2010. – № 5. – C. 3-10. Dobrodeeva L.K. Soderzhanie immunoglobulina E v syvorotke krovi u lyudey, prozhivayushchikh na Evropeyskoy territorii Rossii [Immunoglobulin E content in blood serum in patients who leave in Russian European territory]. Ekologiya cheloveka – Human ecology, 2010, no. 5, pp. 3-10.
7. Калимолдаева С.Б. Иммунологические аспекты хронической крапивницы, индуцированной Helicobacter pylori // Иммунология. – 2009. – № 6. – C. 355-358. Kalimoldaeva S.B. Immunologicheskie aspekty khronicheskoy krapivnitsy, indutsirovannoy Helicobacter pylori [Immunological characteristic of chronic urticaria caused by Helicobacter pylori]. Immunologiya – Immunology, 2009, no. 6, pp. 355-358.
8. Кондашевская М.В. Тучные клетки и гепарин – ключевые звенья в адаптивных и патологических процессах // Вестник РАМН. – 2010. – № 6. – С. 49-54. Kondashevskaya M.V. Tuchnye kletki i geparin – klyuchevye zven`ya v adaptivnykh i patologicheskikh protsessakh [Must cells and heparin – key links in adaptive and pathological processes]. Vestnik RAMN – Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 2010, no. 6, pp. 49-54.
9. Мейл Д., Бростофф Дж., Рот Д.Б., Ройтт А. Иммунология: пер. с англ. / Под ред. Ковальчук Л.В., Певницкого Л.А, Хромовой С.С., Ганковской Л.В. – М.: Логосфера, 2007. – 496 с. Meyl D., Brostoff Dzh., Rot D.B., Roytt A. Immunologiya / Pod redaktsiey Koval`chuk L.V., Pevnitskogo L.A, Hromovoy S.S., Gankovskoy L.V. [Immunology / Trans. from engl. Redacted by Kovalchuk L.V., Pevnitsky L.A., Khromova S.S., Gankovskaya L.V.]. Moscow, Logosfera – Logosphere, 2007. 496 p.
10. Ревякина В.А. Крапивница в практике педиатра // Лечащий врач. – 2007. – № 4. – C. 5-8. Revyakina V.A. Krapivnitsa v praktike pediatra [Urticaria in pediatrition practice]. Lechashchiy vrach –The Practitioner, 2007, no. 4, pp. 5-8.
11. Соединительная ткань / Под ред. Миронова С.П. Омельяненко Н.П., Слуцкий Л.И. – М.: Известия, 2009. – 150 c. Soedinitel`naya tkan` / Pod redredaktsiey Mironova S.P., Omel`yanenko N.P., Slutskiy L.I. [Connective tissue / Redacted by Mironova S.P., Omelyanenko N.P., Slutsky L.I.]. Moscow, Izvestiya – Izvestiya, 2009.150 p.
12. Сорокина Е.В., Ахматова Н.К. Динамика экспрессии Толл-подобных рецепторов у больных хронической спонтанной крапивницей в ходе проведения терапии // Иммунопатология, аллергология, инфектология. – 2012. – № 2. – C. 233-236. Sorokina E.V., Akhmatova N.K. Dinamika ekspressii Toll-podobnykh retseptorov u bol`nykh khronicheskoy spontannoy krapivnitsey v khode provedeniya terapii [Dynamic of Toll-like receptor expression in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria during holding the therapy]. Immunopatologiya, allergologiya, infektologiya – Immunology, Allergology, Infectology, 2012, no. 2, pp. 233-236.
13. Талгатбекова Д.Ж., Шортанбаев А.А., Тарабаева А.С., Жубантурлиева А.Б., Битанова Э.Ж. Состояние клеточного иммунитета и особенности цитокинового статуса у больных хронической рецидивирующей крапивницей, ассоциированной с хроническими инфекциями // Международный журнал по иммунореабилитации. – 2010. – № 2. – C. 110a. Talgatbekova D.Zh., Shortanbaev A.A., Tarabaeva A.S., Zhubanturlieva A.B., Bitanova E.Zh. Sostoyanie kletochnogo immuniteta i osobennosti tsitokinovogo statusa u bol`nykh khronicheskoy retsidiviruyushchey krapivnitsey, assotsiirovannoy s khronicheskimi infektsiyami [Condition of cell immunity and features of cytokine’s status in patients with chronic recurrent urticaria, associated with chronic infections]. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal po immunoreabilitatsii – International Immunorehabilitation Journal, 2010, no. 2, p. 110a.
14. Чебуркин А.А., Мазанкова Л.Н., Сальникова С.И. Синдром крапивницы при паразитарных инфекциях и гельминтозах у детей // Пластическая хирургия и косметология. – 2010. – № 3. – C. 415-423. Cheburkin A.A., Mazankova L.N., Sal`nikova S.I. Sindrom krapivnitsy pri parazitarnykh infektsiyakh i gel`mintozakh u detey [Urtikaria syndrome in parasite infections and helminthosis in children]. Plasticheskaya khirurgiya i kosmetologiya – Plastic Surgery and Cosmetology, 2010, no. 3, pp. 415-423.
15. Шортанбаев А.А., Талгатбекова Д.Ж., Шортанбаева Ж.А. Роль урогенитальной инфекции в возникновении хронической рецидивирующей крапивницы // Аллергология и иммунология. – 2011. – № 3. – C. 246-248. Shortanbaev A.A., Talgatbekova D.Zh., Shortanbaeva Zh.A. Rol` urogenital`noy infektsii v vozniknovenii khronicheskoy retsidiviruyushchey krapivnitsy [Role of urogenital infections in beginning of chronic recurrent urticaria]. Allergologiya i immunologiya – Allergology and Immunology, 2011, no. 3, pp. 246-248.
16. Abd-El-Azim M., Abd-El-Azim S. Chronic autoimmune urticaria: frequency and association with immunological markers. J. Investig Allergol. Clin. Immunol., 2011, vol. 21, pp. 546-550.
17. Abdou A.G., Elshayeb E.I., Farag A.G., Elnaidany N.F. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with chronic urticaria: correlation with pathologic findings in gastric biopsies. Int. J. Dermatol., 2009, vol. 48, pp. 464-469.
18. Abuaf N., Rostane H., Barbara J., Toly-Ndour C., Gaouar H., Mathelier-Fusade P., Leynadier F., Franc s C., Girot R. Comparison of CD63 Upregulation Induced by NSAIDs on Basophils and Monocytes in Patients with NSAID Hypersensitivity. J. Allergy, 2012, vol. 58, pp. 873-879.
19. Abuaf N., Rostane H., Rajoely B., Gaouar H., Autegarden J.E., Leynadier F. Comparison of two basophil activation markers CD63 and CD203c in the diagnosis of amoxicillin allergy. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2008, vol. 38, pp. 921-928.
20. Altrich M.L., Halsey J.F., Altman L.C. Comparison of the in vivo autologous skin test with in vitro diagnostic tests for diagnosis of chronic autoimmune urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2009, vol. 30, pp. 28-34.
21. Bailey E., Shaker M. An update on childhood urticaria and angioedema. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 2008, vol. 20, pp. 425-430.
22. Boguniewicz M. The autoimmune nature of chronic urticaria. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings, 2008, vol. 29, pp. 433-438.
23. Bozek A., Krajewska J., Filipowska B., Polanska J., Rachowska R., Grzanka A., Jarzab J. HLA status in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2010, vol. 53, pp. 419-423.
24. Brodell L.A., Beck L.A., Saini S.S. Pathophysiology of chronic urticaria. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2008, vol. 100, pp. 291-297.
25. Calado G., Loureiro G., Machado D., Tavares B., Ribeiro C., Pereira C., Lu s A.S. Streptococcal tonsillitis as a cause of urticaria Tonsillitis and urticaria. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 2011, vol. 40, pp. 341-345.
26. Calamita Z., Bronhara Pel Calamita A. HLA in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria who are positive for anti-thyroid antibodies. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 2012, vol. 10, pp. 146-153.
27. Calamita Z., Pel A.B., Gamberini M., Baleotti J nior W., Almeida Filho O.M., Ruiz M.O., Arevalo D.G., Fabron J nior A. HLA among Brazilian patients with spontaneous chronic urticaria and positive autologous serum skin test. An Bras. Dermatol., 2012, vol. 87, pp. 578-583.
28. Campanati A., Gesuita R., Giannoni M., Piraccini F., Sandroni L., Martina E., Conocchiari L., Di Sario A., Offidani A. Role of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Prospective Analysis. Acta Derm. Venereol., 2012, vol. 10, pp. 264-273.
29. Castellani M.L., De Lutiis M.A., Toniato E., Conti F., Felaco P., Fulcheri M., Theoharides T.C., Caraffa A., Antinolfi P., Conti P., Cuccurullo C., Ciampoli C., Felaco M., Orso C., Salini V., Cerulli G., Kempuraj D., Tet S., Shaik B. Impact of RANTES, MCP-1 and IL-8 in mast cells. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, 2010, vol. 24, pp. 1-6.
30. Chang K.L., Yang Y.H., Yu H.H., Lee J.H., Wang L.C., Chiang B.L. Analysis of serum total IgE, specific IgE and eosinophils in children with acute and chronic urticaria. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 2011, vol. 7, pp. 598-608.
31. Cicardi M., Douglas T., Johnston B. Hereditary and Acquired Complement Component 1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency: A Review for the Hematologist. Acta Haematol., 2012, vol. 127, pp. 208-220.
32. Ciprandi G., Amici M. De, Berardi L., Vignini M., S. Caimmi S., Marseglia A., Marseglia G., Fuchs D. Serum neopterin levels in spontaneous urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 2011, vol. 36, pp. 85-87.
33. Coban M., Erdem T., Ozdemir S., Pirim I., Atasoy M., Ikbal M. HLA class I and class II genotyping in patients with chronic urticaria. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2008, vol. 147, pp. 135-139.
34. Cugno M., Marzano A.V., Asero R., Tedeschi A. Activation of blood coagulation in chronic urticaria: pathophysiological and clinical implications. Intern. Emerg. Med., 2010, vol. 5, pp. 97-101.
35. Delgado P., Mu oz M., Allu P., Esteban M. Cold urticaria and celiac disease. J. Investig Allergol. Clin. Immunol., 2008, vol. 18, pp. 123-125.
36. Dos Santos J.C., Azor M.H., Nojima V.Y., Louren o F.D., Prearo E., Maruta C.W., Rivitti E.A., Duarte A.J., Sato M.N. Increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and imbalanced regulatory T-cell cytokines production in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2008, vol. 8, pp. 1433-1440.
37. Dos Santos J.C., de Brito C.A., Futata E.A. Up-regulation of chemokine C–C ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C chemokine 8 (CXCL8) expression by monocytes in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 2012, vol. 167, pp. 129-136.
38. Eckman J.A., Hamilton R.G., Gober L.M., Sterba P.M., Saini S.S. Basophil phenotypes in chronic idiopathic urticaria in relation to disease activity and autoantibodies. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2008, vol. 128, pp. 1956-1963.
39. Futata E., Azor M., Dos Santos J.C., Maruta C., Sotto M. Impaired IFN-α secretion by plasmacytoid dendritic cells induced by TLR9 activation in chronic idiopathic urticaria. British Journal of Dermatology, 2011, vol. 164, pp. 1271-1279.
40. Godse K.V., Zawar V., Krupashankar D.S., Girdhar M., Skandhari S., Dhar S., Ghosh S., Rajagopalan M., Zuberbier T. Consensus statement on the management of urticaria. Indian J. Dermatol., 2011, vol. 56, pp. 485-489.
41. Gros E., Bussmann C., Bieber T., F rster I., Novak N. Expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in lesional and nonlesional upper skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2009, vol. 124, pp. 753-760.
42. Grotz W., Baba H.A., Becker J.U., Baumg rtel M.W. Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome: an interdisciplinary challenge. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int., 2009, vol. 106, pp. 756-763.
43. Hennino A., B rard F., Guillot I., Saad N., Rozi res A., Nicolas J.F. Pathophysiology of urticaria. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 2006, vol. 30, pp. 3-11.
44. Ili N., Velickovi V., Djoki D.I., Rankovi N., Kosti G., Petrovi M., Radunovi M., Baski D. Clinical manifestations of atopy in children up to two years of age. Vojnosanit Pregl., 2011, vol. 68, pp. 690-695.
45. Jasinska T., Kasperska-Zaj c A. Soluble CD40 ligand is not elevated in plasma of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Br. J. Dermatol., 2012, vol. 167, pp. 450-462.
46. Jirapongsananuruk O., Pongpreuksa S., Sangacharoenkit P., Visitsunthorn N., Vichyanond P. Identification of the etiologies of chronic urticaria in children: A prospective study of 94 patients. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 2010, vol. 21, pp. 508-514.
47. Kanani A., Schellenberg R., Warrington R. Urticaria and angioedema. Allergy, Asthma and Clin. Immunol., 2011, vol. 7, pp. 459-469.
48. Kaplan A.P., Greaves M. Pathogenesis of chronic urticaria. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2009, vol. 39, pp. 777-787.
49. Kaplan А. Inflammation in chronic urticaria is not limited to the consequences of mast cell (or basophil) degranulation. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010, vol. 40, pp. 834-835.
50. Karsten C.M., K hl J. The immunoglobulin, IgG Fc receptor and complement triangle in autoimmune diseases. Immunobiology, 2012, vol. 217, pp. 1067-1079.
51. Kasperska-Zajac A. Acute-phase response in chronic urticaria. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2011, vol. 10, pp. 370-376.
52. Kessel A., Helou W., Bamberger E., Sabo E., Nusem D., Panassof J., Toubi E. Elevated serum total IgE-a potential marker for severe chronic urticaria. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 2010, vol. 153, pp. 288-293.
53. Kessel A., Yaacoby-Bianu K., Vadasz Z., Peri R., Halazs K., Toubi E. Elevated serum B-cell activating factor in patients with chronic urticaria. Human Immunology, 2012, vol. 73, pp. 620-632.
54. Klos A., Tenner A.J., Johswich K.O., Ager R.R., Reis E.S., K hl J. The role of the anaphylatoxins in health and disease. Mol. Immunol., 2009, vol. 46, pp. 2753-2766.
55. Konstantinou G.N., Asero R., Maurer M., Sabroe R.A., Schmid-Grendelmeier P., Grattan C.E.H. EAACI/ GA2LEN task force consensus report: the autologous serum skin test in urticaria. Allergy, 2009, vol. 64, pp. 1256-1268.
56. Kovanen P.T. Mast cells in atherogenesis: actions and reactions. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2009, vol. 11, pp. 214-219.
57. Koz owska-Murawska J., Obuchowicz A.K. Clinical usefulness of neopterin. Wiad. Lek., 2008, vol. 61, pp. 269-272.
58. Lea S.M., Johnson S. Putting the structure into complement. Immunobiology, 2012, vol. 217, pp. 1117-1721.
59. Liu T.H., Lin Y.R., Yang K.C., Chou C.C., Chang Y.J., Wu H.P. First attack of acute urticaria in pediatric emergency department. Pediatr. Neonatal., 2008, vol. 49, pp. 58-64.
60. Louren o F.D., Azor M.H., Santos J.C., Prearo E., Maruta C.W., Rivitti E.A., Duarte A.J.S., Sato M.N. Activated status of basophils in chronic urticaria leads to interleukin-3 hyper-responsiveness and enhancement of histamine release induced by anti-IgE stimulus. British Journal of Dermatology, 2008, vol. 158, pp. 979-986.
61. Marrouche N., Grattan C. Childhood urticaria. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2012, vol. 12, pp. 485-490.
62. Najib U., Sheikh J. The spectrum of chronic urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2009, vol. 30, pp. 1-10.
63. Nautiyal K.M., Ribeiro A.C., Pfaa D.W., Silver R. Brain mast cells link the immune system to anxiety-like behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2008, vol. 105, pp. 18053-18057.
64. Nazarov P.G., Pronina A.P., Trulioff A.S. Activation of human blood basophils by Fc gamma receptorspecific ligands and its cholinergic modulation. Asian J. Pharmacodyn. Pharmacokinet., 2008, vol. 8, p. 184.
65. Novembre E., Cianferoni A., Mori F., Barni S., Calogero C., Bernardini R., Di Grande L., Pucci N., Azzari C., Vierucci A. Urticaria and urticaria related skin condition/disease in children. European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2008, vol. 40, pp. 5-13.
66. Oi M., Satoh T., Yokozeki H., Nishioka K. Infectious urticaria with purpura: a mild subtype of urticarial vasculitis. Acta Derm. Venereol., 2010, vol. 85, pp. 167-170.
67. Ortonne J.P. Urticaria and its subtypes: The role of second-generation antihistamines. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2012, vol. 23, pp. 26-30.
68. Potempa M., Potempa J. Protease-dependent mechanisms of complement evasion by bacterial pathogens. Biol. Chem., 2012, vol. 393, pp. 873-888.
69. Sahiner U.M., Civelek E., Tuncer A. Chronic Urticaria: Etiology and Natural Course in Children. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2011, vol. 156, pp. 224-230.
70. Saini S.S. Basophil responsiveness in chronic urticaria. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep., 2009, vol. 9, pp. 286-290.
71. S nchez-Mach n I., Iglesias-Souto J., Franco A., Barrios Y., Gonzalez R., Matheu V. T cell activity in successful treatment of chronic urticaria with omalizumab. Clin. Mol. Allergy, 2011, vol. 9, p. 11.
72. Satoh T. Basophils in skin inflammation. Japanese journal of clinical immunology, 2011, vol. 34, pp. 63-69.
73. Sokol C.L., Barton G.M., Farr A.G., Medzhitov R. A mechanism for the initiation of allergen-induced T helper type 2 responses. Nat. Immunol., 2008, vol. 9, pp. 310-318.
74. Wardhana D., Datau E.A. Chronic autoimmune urticaria. Acta Med. Indones., 2012, vol. 44, pp. 165-174.
75. Watanabe M., Satoh T., Yamamoto Y., Kanai Y., Karasuyama H., Yokozeki H. Overproduction of IgE induces macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22) secretion from basophils. J. Immunol., 2008, vol. 181, pp. 5653-5659.
76. Wedi B., Raap U., Wieczorek D., Kapp A. Infekfokus und chronische spontane urtikaria. Der Hautarzt., 2010, vol. 61, pp. 758-764.
77. Ye Y.M., Hur G.Y., Park H.J., Kim S.H., Kim H.M., Park H.S. Association of specific IgE to staphylococcal superantigens with the phenotype of chronic urticaria. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2008, vol. 23, pp. 845-851.
78. Yoshimoto T., Yasuda K., Tanaka H., Nakahira M., Imai Y., Fujimori Y. Basophils contribute to T(H)2-IgE responses in vivo via IL-4 production and presentation of peptide-MHC class II complexes to CD4+ T cells. Nat. Immunol., 2009, vol. 10, pp. 706-712.
79. Zuberbier T., Asero R., Bindslev-Jensen C., Walter Canonica G., Church M.K., Giménez-Arnau A. EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: definition, classification and diagnosis of urticaria. Allergy, 2009, vol. 64, pp. 1417-1426.
80. Zuberbier T., Balke M., Worm M., Edenharter G., Maurer M. Epidemiology of urticaria: a representative cross-sectional population survey. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 2010, vol. 35, pp. 869-873.
Review
For citations:
Sinelnikova N.A., Kalinina N.M., Savenkova N.D. CHRONIC URTICARIAL IN CHILDHOOD. IMMUNE PATHOLOGY OF CHRONIC URTICARIAL IN CHILDREN (PART I). Medical Immunology (Russia). 2013;15(3):203-214. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-2013-3-203-214
Views:
1042
Email this article 