CLINICAL AND ANAMNESTIC CHARACTERISTICS, RISK FACTORS, SENSITIZATION PATTERNS AND MAJOR RESPIRATORY ALLERGENS IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH ALLERGIC RHINITIS LIVING IN MAGNITOGORSK

Recent epidemiological studies indicate a rising prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) in children. Early identification of symptoms, sensitization patterns, and causative respiratory allergens enables timely allergen-specific immunotherapy, which may prevent asthma development. This study aimed to characterize disease features, risk factors, sensitization profiles, and clinically relevant allergens in young children with AR living in Magnitogorsk. An open-label, single-center, prospective study included 92 children with AR (aged 2–4 years, mean 3.15±0.80) and 45 age-matched controls. All participants (n=137) underwent clinical (CBC, urinalysis), biochemical, parasitological, and allergological testing (sIgE, ImmunoCAP). Children with AR and polyvalent sensitization (n=11) were further evaluated using ISAC-112. AR symptom onset occurred at 29.00 [24.00–36.00] months (range: 8.00–45.00). Persistent AR was observed in 77.17% of patients, while 22.83% had intermittent symptoms. Moderate-to-severe AR (36.98% of cases) had a symptom severity score of 7.00 [6.00–8.00] (VAS). Significant AR risk factors included: family history of atopy (OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.2–8.9); parental history of perennial AR (OR 10.4; 95% CI 2.4–44.4); comorbid allergies (OR 17.1; 95% CI 6.4–45.9); history of wheezing (OR 10.8; 95% CI 3.7–31.5); atopic dermatitis (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.4–10.3); cesarean delivery (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.2–6.8); pet exposure (OR 3.6; 95% CI 1.8–7.3); and parental smoking (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.4–5.8). The most frequent sensitizing allergens in Magnitogorsk were cat dander (71.74%), dog dander (70.65%), and birch pollen (67.39%). Seasonal AR symptoms were present in 57.04% of patients, while 35.44% reacted to animal allergens. Sensitization to major allergens Bet v1 (birch) and Fel d1 (cat) confirmed true allergic responses.

Conclusion: Achieving complete symptom control and preventing asthma are primary treatment goals for children with AR. Early diagnosis and precision medicine approaches are essential to meet these objectives.

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