CYTOKINE PROFILE IN CHILDREN WITH RESPIRATORY ALLERGIES AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF ANEMIA DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRIARALYE REGION

Summary

The ecologically disadvantaged Priaralye region is characterized by a high prevalence of chronic respiratory allergies in children, often combined with anemia. These conditions significantly impact children’s health and require comprehensive study of immune and physiological features.

Objective. To assess the characteristics of the cytokine profile in children with respiratory allergies on the background of anemia, depending on the presence of concomitant dermatoses, age groups, and the level of physical development.

Materials and Methods. The study included 284 children aged 3 to 17 years, divided into three groups: 121 children with respiratory allergies (RA), 126 children with respiratory allergies and concomitant dermatoses (RA + D), and 37 practically healthy children (control group). Concentrations of key cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α) and total IgE in blood serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Physical development was assessed using the standardized WHO AnthroPlus methodology. Statistical analysis was performed using Welch’s t-test and ANOVA, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results. Children with respiratory allergies, regardless of the presence of dermatoses, showed significantly increased levels of IL-4 and IgE compared to controls (p < 0.01), indicating the formation of a dominant Th2 response. The highest level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was found in the RA + D group (p < 0.01), likely reflecting a compensatory mechanism aimed at limiting inflammation. At the same time, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in patients compared to healthy children (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), possibly indicating hyporesponsiveness of the pro-inflammatory pathway in chronic allergic conditions.

Age-related analysis showed a tendency toward higher concentrations of IL-4 and IgE in children under 10 years old, though differences between age groups were not statistically significant. In children with delayed physical development, levels of IL-4 and IL-10 decreased while IL-18 relatively increased, consistent with literature data and suggesting possible mechanisms of immune dysregulation associated with impaired general health status.

Conclusion. The data confirm a predominant Th2 immune response in children from Priaralye with respiratory allergies, reflected by increased IL-4, IL-10, and IgE levels. The decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α warrant further study to understand inflammatory processes in chronic allergies under ecological stress. Accounting for cytokine profiles and physical development is important for developing personalized therapeutic approaches and improving disease prognosis.

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