ТРОМБОЦИТЫ И ИХ МИКРОВЕЗИКУЛЫ: ФЕНОТИП, СОСТАВ, ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ЭНДОТЕЛИЙ

Тромбоциты – это небольшие постклеточные элементы мегакариоцитов, циркулирующие в крови. На их поверхности представлены молекулы межклеточной адгезии, Toll-подобные рецепторы, рецепторы хемокинов и цитокинов и другие. Тромбоциты содержат соединения с разнообразной биологической функцией, в том числе хемокины, цитокины и ростовые факторы. Благодаря особенностям цитологического строения – мембранной системе и секреторным гранулам – тромбоциты способны быстро активироваться и вступать во взаимодействие с другими клетками. Тромбоциты участвуют в гемостазе, иммунных реакциях, ангиогенезе. Активация, необходимая тромбоцитам для выполнения своих функций, опосредуется через ионы кальция и может инициироваться компонентами субэндотелия, белками системы комплемента, продуктами секреции других тромбоцитов. При активации тромбоциты высвобождают секреторные гранулы, изменяют морфологию. Помимо этого, тромбоциты, подобно другим клеткам организма, в норме и при патологии продуцируют микровезикулы – сравнительно новый объект, интенсивное изучение которого ведется в настоящее время.

Целью настоящего обзора явилось сравнительное описание тромбоцитов и их микровезикул, которым тромбоциты делегируют некоторые свои функции как посредникам коммуникации с другими клетками, в том числе эндотелиоцитами. Микровезикулы являются перспективным объектом исследования, изучается возможность их использования в качестве диагностического и терапевтического агента. Наибольшая часть микровезикул, циркулирующих в периферической крови, имеют тромбоцитарное происхождение. В составе микровезикул тромбоцитов присутствуют цитокины и другие белки, липиды и нуклеиновые кислоты (ДНК, мРНК, микроРНК). На поверхности микровезикул тромбоцитов сохраняются поверхностные маркеры родительских клеток; на их мембране представлен фосфатидилсерин, который дополнительно участвует в тромбообразовании за счет аккумулирования факторов коагуляции. Под влиянием сигналов микроокружения состав, фенотип тромбоцитарных микровезикул, а также их функциональная направленность в отношении эндотелия может варьировать в зависимости от стимула. Эффект, оказываемый ими на ангиогенез и регенерацию недостаточно изучен, экспериментальные данные демонстрируют как положительное, так и отрицательное влияние. При различных патологиях, сопровождающихся эндотелиальной дисфункцией (сердечно-сосудистые патологии, преэклампсия, диабет), наблюдается повышение уровня тромбоцитарных микровезикул, что указывает на их возможное участие в патогенезе заболеваний. Тем не менее, влияние тромбоцитов и их микровезикул на эндотелий, в том числе активации в эндотелии различных сигнальных путей, остается предметом дальнейших исследований.

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