ИММУНОТЕРАПИЯ ОПУХОЛЕЙ, ОСНОВАННАЯ НА БЛОКИРОВКЕ ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ «ТОЧЕК» («ЧЕКПОЙНТОВ»)

Иммунологические контрольные «точки» (ИКТ, англ. Immunological checkpoints) – это система ингибиторных механизмов, которые регулируют активацию иммунного ответа, препятствуя запуску аутоиммунных процессов, а также модулируют его, уменьшая вызванные иммунными клетками повреждения в органах и тканях. Опухолевые клетки могут использовать такие контрольные точки для предотвращения активации опухоль-специфических лимфоцитов, таким образом, приобретая устойчивость к действию иммунной системы. Одним из перспективных методов иммунотерапии опухолей является блокировка ингибирующего сигнала, передающегося через иммунологические контрольные точки, приводящая к реактивации противоопухолевого иммунного ответа. Поскольку большая часть контрольных точек функционирует за счет взаимодействий лиганд-рецептор, одна из стратегий современной противоопухолевой терапии основана на создании терапевтических моноклональных антител, блокирующих лиганд или рецептор, а также растворимых рекомбинантных рецепторов, которые могли бы конкурировать за лиганд и таким образом модулировать передачу сигнала. В последние годы в этом направлении иммунотерапии опухолей получены впечатляющие успехи, однако потенциальной платой за вмешательство в естественные супрессорные механизмы является развитие аутоиммунных реакций.

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