МОЛЕКУЛЯРНО-КЛЕТОЧНЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ, ОПОСРЕДУЕМЫЕ ДЕНДРИТНЫМИ КЛЕТКАМИ, УЧАСТВУЮЩИЕ В ИНДУКЦИИ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ

Аутоиммунные заболевания и осложнения после  трансплантационных операций являются серьезной проблемой здравоохранения, так как  зачастую приводят к ухудшению качества жизни, снижению трудоспособности и инвалидизации населения. На сегодняшний день многообещающим методом терапии данных состояний  является индукция  антиген-специфической  толерантности, в процессе формирования которой важное место  занимают дендритные клетки. В данном обзоре проведен анализ современных данных по характеристике толерогенных дендритных клеток, по факторам, индуцирующим толерогенные свойства у дендритных клеток, по развитию центральной и периферической толерантности посредством дендритных клеток, по  роли  толерогенных дендритных клеток в формировании В-регуляторных клеток, а также  по  молекулярно-клеточным механизмам, которые принимают участие  в формировании иммунологической толерантности, зависимой от толерогенных дендритных клеток. Толерогенные дендритные клетки играют  ведущую  роль в поддержании  иммунного гомеостаза путем  индукции иммунологической толерантности, механизмы которой связаны с генерацией Т-регуляторных клеток, индукцией анергии или  апоптоза Т-клеток. Формирование толерогенных свойств у дендритных клеток происходит под влиянием различных факторов, регулирующих созревание  и  дифференцировку дендритных клеток и  индуцирующих синтез ими противовоспалительных агентов. Благодаря своей  способности индуцировать натуральные и периферические Т-регуляторные клетки, дендритные клетки вносят свой  вклад  в развитие центральной и периферической толерантности в организме. Анализ результатов экспериментальных  работ  свидетельствует о том,  что помимо индукции Т-регуляторных клеток толерогенные дендритные клетки принимают участие  в генерации В-регуляторных клеток, которые играют  не последнюю роль в формировании толерантности и имеют  способность влиять на популяцию Т-регуляторных клеток. Однако механизмы, которые приводят к формированию популяции В-регуляторных клеток под действием толерогенных дендритных клеток, не вполне установлены. Обзор  литературных данных показал, что молекулярно-клеточные механизмы индукции иммунологической толерантности посредством толерогенных дендритных клеток и других субпопуляций регуляторных клеток, взаимодействующих друг с другом,  во многом схожи. На сегодняшний день роль толерогенных дендритных клеток в поддержании иммунологической толерантности в целом определена, однако некоторые аспекты требуют более глубокого изучения. Последующие экспериментальные исследования приведут к лучшему пониманию механизмов сигнализации и реализации иммунологических функций толерогенных дендритных клеток, что предоставит дополнительную информацию для разработки подходов применения толерогенных дендритных клеток для контроля аутоиммунных заболеваний и трансплантационных осложнений.

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