A ROLE OF ARGININE DEIMINASE FROM STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES M49-16 IN PROMOTING INFECTION AND INHIBITION OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL PROLIFERATION

Arginine deiminase is a bacterial enzyme that hydrolyses arginine with citrulline and ammonia formation. In recent years, increasing evidence is reported about in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic action of arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma spp. Our studies have shown that arginine deiminase from Streptococcus pyogenes M22 exerts similar effects, i.e., inhibits proliferation and other endothelial cell functions related to angiogenesis. To confirm a leading role of arginine deiminase, as a factor responsible for the anti-proliferative effect, we have constructed an isogenic S. pyogenes M49-16 mutant unable to express arginine deiminase. A comparative analysis of anti-proliferative activity of original S. pyogenes M49-16 strain and its isogenic mutant with arginine deiminase gene deletion (M49-16delAD) was performed, using an endothelial EA.hy926 cell line. The bacterial supernatantes obtained by sonication of S. pyogenes M49-16 and M49-16delAD were tested. The ability of S. pyogenes M49-16 and M49-16delAD supernatantes to hydrolyze arginine was assessed. Moreover, we compared effects of the Streptococcus supernatantes upon proliferative activity of endothelial cells and their distribution through the cell cycle phases.

Supernatantes from original S. pyogenes 49-16 strain were shown to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation to a significant degree (down to 50% of controls). This effect was due to its arginine hydrolyzing activity, i. e. addition of exogenous arginine to the medium resulted into recovery of the cell proliferation levels. The supernatante from S. pyogenes M49-16delAD showed a lower ability to hydrolyze arginine as compared to the supernatante of original strain. Culturing of endothelial cells supplied with S. pyogenes M49-16delAD supernatantes resulted into reduction of their proliferative activity by 10% of control values. Analysis of the cell cycle distribution was concordant with these results. S. pyogenes M49-16 supernatante caused a decrease in S-phase cell fraction by 20% against controls. With a supernatants from S. pyogenes M49-16delAD, such drop in DNA-synthesizing cell ratio was significantly weaker (by only 5% of the control). These results reveal new pathogenetic mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction during streptococcal infection and suggest anti-angiogenic potential of streptococcal arginine deiminase.

1. Киселев П.Н. Токсикология инфекционных процессов. Л.: Медицина, 1971. 359 с. [Kiselev P.N. Infectious processes toxicology]. Leningrad: Medicine, 1971. 359 p.

2. Старикова Э.А., Лебедева А.М., Бурова Л.А. Фрейдлин И.С. Изменения функциональной активности эндотелиальных клеток под влиянием лизата Streptococcus pyogenes // Цитология, 2012. Т. 54, № 1. С. 49-

3. [Starikova E.A., Lebedeva A.M., Burova L.A., Freidlin I.S. Regulation of endothelial cells functions by ultrasonic supernatant of Streptococcus pyogenes. Tsitologiya = Citology, 2012, Vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 49-57. (In Russ.)]

4. Beloussow K., Wang L., Wu J., Ann D., Shen W.C. Recombinant arginine deiminase as a potential antiangiogenic agent. Cancer. Lett., 2002, Vol. 183, no. 2, pp. 155-162.

5. Burns E., Marsiel A., Musser J. Activation of a 66-Kilodalton human endothelial cell matrix metalloprotease by Streptococcus pyogenes extracellular cysteine protease. Infection and Immunity, 1996, Vol. 64, pp. 4744-4750.

6. Bryant A.E. Biology and pathogenesis of thrombosis and procoagulant activity in invasive infections caused by group A streptococci and Clostridium perfringens. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2003, Vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 451-462.

7. Casiano-Colon A., Marquis R.E. Role of the arginine deiminase system in protecting oral bacteria and an enzymatic basis for acid tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1988, Vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1318-1324.

8. Chen F., Lucas R., Fulton D. The subcellular compartmentalization of arginine metabolizing enzymes and their role in endothelial dysfunction. Front. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 4, p. 184.

9. Das P., Lahiri A., Lahiri A., Chakravortty D. Modulation of the Arginase Pathway in the Context of Microbial Pathogenesis: A Metabolic Enzyme Moonlighting as an Immune Modulator. PLoS Pathog., 2010, Vol. 6, no. 6, e1000899.

10. Degnan B.A., Palmer J.M., Robson T., Jones C.E., Fischer M., Glanville M., Mellor G.D., Diamond A.G., Kehoe M.A., Goodacre J.A. Inhibition of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation by Streptococcus pyogenes cell extract is associated with arginine deiminase activity. Infect. Immun., 1998, Vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 3050-3058.

11. Durante W. Role of arginase in vessel wall remodeling. Front. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 4, p. 111.

12. Edgell C.-J.S., McDonald C.C., Graham J.B. Permanent cell line expressing human factor VIII-related antigen established by hybridization. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983, Vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 3734-3737.

13. Feun L.G., Kuo M.T., Savaraj N. Arginine deprivation in cancer therapy. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 2015, Vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 78-82.

14. Fiedler T., Strauss M., Hering S., Redanz U., William D., Rosche Y., Classen C.F., Kreikemeyer B., Linnebacher M., Maletzki C. Arginine deprivation by arginine deiminase of Streptococcus pyogenes controls primary glioblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Biol. Ther., 2015, Vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1047-1055.

15. Kim R.H., Bold R.J., Kung H.J.. ADI, autophagy and apoptosis: metabolic stress as a therapeutic option for prostate cancer. Autophagy, 2009, Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 567-568.

16. Kuo M.T., Savaraj N., Feun L.G. Targeted cellular metabolism for cancer chemotherapy with recombinant arginine-degrading enzymes. LG.Oncotarget., 2010, Vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 246-251.

17. Park I.-S., Kang S.-W., Shin Y.-J., Chae K.-Y., Park M.-O., Kim M.-Y., Wheatley D.N., Min B.-H. Arginine deiminase: a potential inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumour growth. British Journal of Cancer., 2003, Vol. 89, pp. 907-914.

18. Shen L.J., Lin W.C., Beloussow K., Hosoya K., Terasaki T., Ann D.K., Shen W.C.. Recombinant arginine deiminase as a differential modulator of inducible (iNOS) and endothelial (eNOS) nitric oxide synthetase activity in cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2003, Vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 1945-1952.

19. Starikova E.A., Sokolov A.V., Vlasenko A.Y., Burova L.A., Freidlin I.S., Vasilyev V.B. Biochemical and biological activity of arginine deiminase from Streptococcus pyogenes M22. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2016, Vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 129-137.

20. Stockbauer K.E., Magoun L., Liu M., Burns E.H., Gubba S., Renish S., Pan X., Bodaryi S.C.,Baker E., Coburn J., Leong J.M., Musser J.M. A natural variant of the cysteine protease virulence factor of group A Streptococcus with an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif preferentially binds human integrins avb3 and aIIbb3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1999, Vol. 96, pp. 242-247.

21. Yoshida J., Yoshimura M., Takamura S., Kobayashi S. Purification and characterization of an antitumor principle from Streptococcus hemolyticus, Su strain. Jpn. J. Cancer. Res., 1985, Vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 213-223.

22. Yoshida J., Ishibashi T., Nishio M. Growth-inhibitory effect of a streptococcal antitumor glycoprotein on human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells: involvement of dephosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res., 2001, Vol. 61, no. 16, pp. 6151-6157.

23. Zhuo W., Song X., Zhou H., Luo Y. Arginine deiminase modulates endothelial tip cells via excessive synthesis of reactive oxygen species. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2011, Vol. 5, pp. 1376-1381.

24. Zuniga M., Perez G., Gonzalez-Candelas F.. Evolution of arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 2002, Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 429-444.