References

mimmun

Медицинская иммунология

Medical Immunology (Russia)

1563-06252313-741X

SPb RAACI

10.15789/1563-0625-2014-6-499-530

mimmun-764

Research Article

ОБЗОРЫ

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МЕХАНИЗМЫ ДЕЙСТВИЯ ВИТАМИНА D НА ИММУННУЮ СИСТЕМУ

MECHANISMS OF VITAMIN D ACTION ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Снопов

С. А.

Snopov

S. A.

194064, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, Тихорецкий пр., 4. Тел.: 8 (812) 297-42-34

194064, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Tikhoretsky pr., 4.Phone: 7 (812) 297-42-34

snopov@mail.cytspb.rssi.ru

ФГБУН «Институт цитологии РАН», Санкт-Петербург, РоссияРоссияThe Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian FederationRussian Federation

2014

27012015

166499530

2015

Снопов С.А.

Snopov S.A.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/764

Помимо хорошо известного влияния на метаболизм костной ткани витамин D (VD) вовлечен во множество других процессов в организме человека, и в том числе – в регуляцию иммунных реакций. Действие VD осуществляются через его мембранный рецептор, который обнаружен у клеток самых разных органов и тканей человека, в частности у большинства клеток иммунной системы и эпителиальных клеток, выстилающих слизистые. Связавшись с этим рецептором, VD идет в цитоплазму, где образует комплекс с витамином А и его рецептором. Данный комплекс оказывает или ингибирующее, или усиливающее влияние на транскрипцию сотен генов в ядерной ДНК, среди которых и те, что контролируют клеточный рост, дифференцировку, апоптоз и препятствуют злокачественному росту и ангиогенезу. Установлены следующие эффекты VD в отношении иммунной системы: он ослабляет презентацию антигена дендритными клетками, тормозит Th1-клеточную дифференцировку и производство Th1-цитокинов, сдвигает баланс Th1-/Th2-клеточных ответов в направлении Th2-ответа, оказывает ингибирующее влияние на клетки Th17, способствует развитию Treg-клеток и повышению их активности. Кроме того, VD усиливает выработку «эндогенных антибиотиков», способных оказывать мощное действие на грам-положительные и грам-отрицательные бактерии, грибы и вирусы. Выясняется, что VD очень важен для предотвращения аутоиммунных и атопических заболеваний: рассеянного склероза, ревматоидного артрита, инсулин-зависимого диабета, болезни Крона, неспецифического язвенного колита; предупреждает развитие астмы у детей, оказывается действенным средством профилактики и симптоматического лечения хронических обструктивных заболеваний легких, защищает от широкого спектра инфекций, включая туберкулез, проказу и респираторные инфекции; и препятствует развитию опухолей в ряде органов. Гиповитаминоз D, чаще скрытый и не диагностированный, имеется почти у половины населения самых разных стран и является одной из ведущих причин ослабления иммунитета и повышенной заболеваемости. Его выявление, профилактика и лечение должны быть в числе важнейших задач здравоохранения в России.

Besides the well-known effects upon bone metabolism, vitamin D (VD) plays important roles in many other processes in the body, including immune regulation. VD action is carried out through its cellular membrane receptor, which is expressed in a variety of human organs and tissues, e.g., most cells of immune system, as well as epithelial cells lining the mucous membranes. The cell-membrane bound VD receptor is transferred to the cytoplasm, to form a functional complex with vitamin A and its receptor. This complex provides either inhibiting, or enhancing effect upon transcription of hundreds genes in the nuclear DNA, including those that regulate cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, thus preventing malignancy and angiogenesis. The following effects of VD are supposed with respect to immune system: VD inhibits antigen presentation by dendritic cells, supresses Th1-cell differentiation and the production of Th1-cytokines, shifts the balance of Th1/Th2 cell responses towards the Th2 response, exerts inhibitory effect upon Th17 cells, promotes Treg cell development, and increases their activity. In addition, VD boosts production of «endogenous antibiotics» that may provide powerful effects upon Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and viruses. Therefore, VD seems quite important for prevention of autoimmune and atopic diseases: multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, development of asthma in children and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. VD protects from a wide range of infections, including tuberculosis, leprosy and respiratory infections, and prevents the development of several tumors. Almost half the population of different countries has a VD hypovitaminosis, often hidden and undiagnosed, and this can be a leading cause of weakened immunity and increased morbidity. The diagnostics of VD hypovitaminosis, prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis should be among the most important healthcare tasks in Russia.

витамин DиммунитетTh1- и Th2-клеточные ответыцитокиныаутоиммунные и аллергические реакциифакторы транскрипции

vitamin DimmunityTh1 и Th2 responsescytokinesautoimmunityallergic reactionstranscription factors

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.