<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-TNF-3486</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3486</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фактор некроза опухоли-ассоциированный апоптоз-индуцирующий лиганд у пациентов с ревматологическими заболеваниями</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand in patients with rheumatic diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8799-2991</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Папичев</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Papichev</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории методов лечения и профилактики заболеваний ФГБНУ "НИИ КиЭР им. А.Б. Зборовского"</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, researcher at the Laboratory of Methods for Treatment and Prevention of Joint Diseases</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">E_papichev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0965-6060</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сивордова</surname><given-names>Л. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sivordova</surname><given-names>L. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории методов лечения и профилактики заболеваний ФГБНУ "НИИ КиЭР им. А.Б. Зборовского"</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, leading researcher at the Laboratory of Methods for Treatment and Prevention of Joint Diseases</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">seeword@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8010-6777</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахвердян</surname><given-names>Ю. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhverdyan</surname><given-names>Yu. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории методов лечения и профилактики заболеваний ФГБНУ "НИИ КиЭР им. А.Б. Зборовского"</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, senior researcher at the Laboratory of Methods for Treatment and Prevention of Joint Diseases</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">doctor_2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3022-4166</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полякова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakova</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории методов лечения и профилактики заболеваний ФГБНУ "НИИ КиЭР им. А.Б. Зборовского"</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, researcher at the Laboratory of Methods for Treatment and Prevention of Joint Diseases</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">jpolyakova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8124-4239</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории функциональных методов исследования, ультразвуковой диагностики и восстановительной терапии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, senior researcher at the Laboratory of Functional Research Methods, Ultrasound Diagnostics and Rehabilitation Therapy</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">imlab@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8864-9570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заводовский</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavodovsky</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, д.м.н., заведующий лабораторией методов лечения и профилактики заболеваний суставов, заместитель директора по научной работе</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>professor, MD, head of the Laboratory of Methods for Treatment and Prevention of Joint Diseases, deputy director for research work</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pebma@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Лаборатория методов лечения и профилактики заболеваний суставов и Лаборатория функциональных методов исследования, ультразвуковой диагностики и восстановительной терапии Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт клинической и экспериментальной ревматологии имени А.Б. Зборовского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Laboratory of Methods for Treatment and Prevention of Joint Diseases and Laboratory of Functional Research Methods, Ultrasound Diagnostics and Rehabilitation Therapy of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology named after A.B. Zborovsky»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>3486</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Папичев Е.В., Сивордова Л.Е., Ахвердян Ю.Р., Полякова Ю.В., Александрова Н.В., Заводовский Б.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Папичев Е.В., Сивордова Л.Е., Ахвердян Ю.Р., Полякова Ю.В., Александрова Н.В., Заводовский Б.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Papichev E.V., Sivordova L.E., Akhverdyan Y.R., Polyakova Y.V., Aleksandrova N.V., Zavodovsky B.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3486">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3486</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Нарушение иммунологической толерантности и дисрегуляция механизмов программируемой гибели клеток рассматриваются как ключевые звенья иммунопатогенеза аутоиммунных ревматических заболеваний. Фактор некроза опухоли-ассоциированный лиганд, индуцирующий апоптоз (TRAIL) представляет собой важный иммунорегуляторный медиатор, участвующий в элиминации аутореактивных лимфоцитов, поддержании иммунного гомеостаза и модуляции врожденного и адаптивного иммунного ответа. Помимо индукции апоптоза, TRAIL способен активировать сигнальные пути, связанные с продукцией провоспалительных цитокинов и поддержанием хронического воспаления. Несмотря на имеющиеся данные о его биологических функциях, роль данного медиатора в иммунопатогенезе ревматологических заболеваний остается недостаточно изученной. Цель. Оценить уровень TRAIL у пациентов с ревматоидным артритом (РА), системной красной волчанкой (СКВ) и анкилозирующим спондилитом (АС), а также определить его взаимосвязь с клиническими и лабораторными характеристиками заболеваний. Материалы и методы. В пилотное исследование включены 73 человека, среди которых были пациенты с 18 пациентов с РА, 29 – СКВ, 16 – АС и 9 условно здоровых лиц. Всем участникам проведено клиническое обследование, лабораторная диагностика и определение сывороточного уровня исследуемого белка методом иммуноферментного анализа. Статистическая обработка результатов выполнялась с использованием методов сравнительного и корреляционного анализа, а также анализа диагностической эффективности. Результаты. У пациентов с РА выявлен статистически значимо более высокий уровень исследуемого белка по сравнению со здоровыми лицами, а также пациентами с СКВ и АС. При СКВ и АС значимых отличий от группы контроля не обнаружено. У пациентов с СКВ повышение уровня белка ассоциировалось с поражением суставов, что вероятно обусловлено специфическим генетическим и иммунологическим фенотипом данного клинического проявления. Анализ диагностической эффективности показал высокую способность исследуемого показателя различать пациентов с РА и другие группы обследованных. Выводы. У пациентов с РА выявлено повышение сывороточного уровня TRAIL по сравнению со здоровыми лицами, пациентами с СКВ и АС. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о вовлечении белка в механизмы иммунорегуляции при РА и подтверждают возможную роль нарушений апоптоз-опосредованного контроля иммунного ответа в поддержании хронического аутоиммунного воспаления. Ассоциация повышенного уровня TRAIL с суставным синдромом при СКВ может отражать участие интерферон-зависимых сигнальных путей в локальных иммуновоспалительных реакциях. TRAIL представляет интерес как потенциальный иммунологический биомаркер и перспективная мишень для дальнейших исследований механизмов иммунной дисрегуляции при ревматологических заболеваниях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Impaired immune tolerance and dysregulation of programmed cell death pathways are central mechanisms in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an important immunoregulatory molecule involved in the elimination of autoreactive lymphocytes and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition to its proapoptotic activity, this ligand may activate non-apoptotic signaling pathways associated with cytokine production, cell survival, and chronic inflammation. However, its contribution to immune dysregulation in rheumatic diseases remains insufficiently characterized. Objective. To evaluate serum levels of TRAIL in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and to investigate its associations with clinical and immunological disease characteristics. Materials and Methods. This pilot study included 73 participants: 18 patients with RA, 29 with SLE, 16 with AS, and 9 healthy controls. Serum levels of TRAIL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunological assessment included determination of rheumatoid factor, antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides, antibodies to double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid, and complement components. Statistical analyses comprised comparative, correlation, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Results. Patients with RA exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of TRAIL compared with healthy controls and patients with SLE or AS. A trend toward higher concentrations was observed in antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting a relationship between this mediator and autoimmune activation. In SLE, increased ligand levels were associated with joint involvement, potentially reflecting enhanced type I interferon-driven immune activation. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated high diagnostic performance of the biomarker for identifying RA. Conclusions. Elevated serum levels of TRAIL are associated with RA and may reflect disturbances in apoptosis-mediated immune regulation and persistence of autoimmune inflammation. These findings support the involvement of this mediator in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatic diseases and highlight its potential utility as a component of immunological biomarker panels for rheumatoid arthritis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>TRAIL</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>ревматологические заболевания</kwd><kwd>ревматоидный артрит</kwd><kwd>системная красная волчанка</kwd><kwd>анкилозирующий спондилит.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>TRAIL</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>rheumatic diseases</kwd><kwd>rheumatoid arthritis</kwd><kwd>systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd><kwd>ankylosing spondylitis.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">бюджетные средства ФГБНУ "НИИ КиЭР им. А.Б. Зборовского"</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">budget funds of the FSBI «RICER n.a. A.B. Zborovsky»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuan S., Zeng Y., Li J., Wang C., Li W., He Z., Ye J., Li F., Chen Y., Lin X., Yu N., Cai X. Phenotypical changes and clinical significance of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in SLE. Lupus Sci. Med., 2022, Vol. 9, e000660. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2022-000660.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuan S., Zeng Y., Li J., Wang C., Li W., He Z., Ye J., Li F., Chen Y., Lin X., Yu N., Cai X. Phenotypical changes and clinical significance of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in SLE. Lupus Sci. Med., 2022, Vol. 9, e000660. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2022-000660.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anandan M., Narayanan J. Role of T cells and cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem. Biophys. Rep., 2025, Vol. 44, 102278. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2025.102278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anandan M., Narayanan J. Role of T cells and cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem. Biophys. Rep., 2025, Vol. 44, 102278. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2025.102278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J., Liu H., Chen Y., Liu H., Zhang S., Yin G., Xie Q. Augmenting regulatory T cells: new therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. Front. Immunol., 2024, Vol. 15, 1312919. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1312919.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J., Liu H., Chen Y., Liu H., Zhang S., Yin G., Xie Q. Augmenting regulatory T cells: new therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. Front. Immunol., 2024, Vol. 15, 1312919. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1312919.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jang S., Kwon E.J., Lee J.J. Rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenic roles of diverse immune cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, Vol. 23, no. 2, 905. doi: 10.3390/ijms23020905.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jang S., Kwon E.J., Lee J.J. Rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenic roles of diverse immune cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, Vol. 23, no. 2, 905. doi: 10.3390/ijms23020905.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao J., Jiang P., Guo S., Schrodi S.J., He D. Apoptosis, autophagy, NETosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis mediated programmed cell death as targets for innovative therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Front. Immunol., 2021, Vol. 12, 809806. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809806.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao J., Jiang P., Guo S., Schrodi S.J., He D. Apoptosis, autophagy, NETosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis mediated programmed cell death as targets for innovative therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Front. Immunol., 2021, Vol. 12, 809806. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809806.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mishra A.P., Salehi B., Sharifi-Rad M., Pezzani L., Kobarfard F., Sharifi-Rad J., Nigam M. Programmed cell death, from a cancer perspective: an overview. Mol. Diagn. Ther., 2018, Vol. 22, pp. 281-295. doi: 10.1007/s40291-018-0329-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishra A.P., Salehi B., Sharifi-Rad M., Pezzani L., Kobarfard F., Sharifi-Rad J., Nigam M. Programmed cell death, from a cancer perspective: an overview. Mol. Diagn. Ther., 2018, Vol. 22, pp. 281-295. doi: 10.1007/s40291-018-0329-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiley S.R., Schooley K., Smolak P.J., Din W.S., Huang C.P., Nicholl J.K., Sutherland G.R., Smith T.D., Rauch C., Smith C.A. Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis. Immunity, 1995, Vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 673-682. doi: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90057-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiley S.R., Schooley K., Smolak P.J., Din W.S., Huang C.P., Nicholl J.K., Sutherland G.R., Smith T.D., Rauch C., Smith C.A. Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis. Immunity, 1995, Vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 673-682. doi: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90057-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neumann S., Bidon T., Branschädel M., Krippner-Heidenreich A., Scheurich P., Doszczak M. The transmembrane domains of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors 1 and 2 co-regulate apoptotic signaling capacity. PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7, no. 8, e42526. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neumann S., Bidon T., Branschädel M., Krippner-Heidenreich A., Scheurich P., Doszczak M. The transmembrane domains of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors 1 and 2 co-regulate apoptotic signaling capacity. PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7, no. 8, e42526. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diaz Arguello O.A., Haisma H.J. Apoptosis-inducing TNF superfamily ligands for cancer therapy. Cancers (Basel), 2021, Vol. 13, no. 7, 1543. doi: 10.3390/cancers13071543.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diaz Arguello O.A., Haisma H.J. Apoptosis-inducing TNF superfamily ligands for cancer therapy. Cancers (Basel), 2021, Vol. 13, no. 7, 1543. doi: 10.3390/cancers13071543.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerrache A., Micheau O. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand: non-apoptotic signalling. Cells, 2024, Vol. 13, no. 6, 521. doi: 10.3390/cells13060521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guerrache A., Micheau O. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand: non-apoptotic signalling. Cells, 2024, Vol. 13, no. 6, 521. doi: 10.3390/cells13060521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huyghe J., Priem D., Bertrand M.J.M. Cell death checkpoints in the TNF pathway. Trends Immunol., 2023, Vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 628-643. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2023.05.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huyghe J., Priem D., Bertrand M.J.M. Cell death checkpoints in the TNF pathway. Trends Immunol., 2023, Vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 628-643. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2023.05.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thiam H.R., Wong S.L., Wagner D.D., Waterman C.M. Cellular mechanisms of NETosis. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 2020, Vol. 36, pp. 191-218. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-020520-111016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thiam H.R., Wong S.L., Wagner D.D., Waterman C.M. Cellular mechanisms of NETosis. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 2020, Vol. 36, pp. 191-218. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-020520-111016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бедина С.А., Мозговая Е.Э., Трофименко А.С., Мамус М.А., Спицина С.С., Зборовская И.А. Внеклеточные ловушки нейтрофилов: динамика образования, ассоциированная с переходом от ремиссии к активному ревматоидному артриту // Сибирское медицинское обозрение. – 2022. – Т. 138, №6. – С. 86-92. doi: 10.20333/25000136-2022-6-86-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bedina S.A., Mozgovaya E.E., Trofimenko A.S., Mamus M.A., Spitsina S.S.,  Zborovskaya I.A. Neutrophil extracellular traps: formation dynamics associated with the transition from remission to active rheumatoid arthritis. Siberian Medical Review, 2022, Vol. 138, no.6, pp. 86-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bedina S.A., Mozgovaya E.E., Trofimenko A.S., Spitsina S.S., Mamus M.A., Zborovskaya I.A., Akhverdyan Yu.R., Krayushkina N.G. Monocyte extracellular traps: generation patterns depending on the autoimmune inflammation stage in rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Tissue Biol., 2025, Vol. 19, pp. 234-239. doi: 10.1134/S1990519X25030058.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bedina S.A., Mozgovaya E.E., Trofimenko A.S., Spitsina S.S., Mamus M.A., Zborovskaya I.A., Akhverdyan Yu.R., Krayushkina N.G. Monocyte extracellular traps: generation patterns depending on the autoimmune inflammation stage in rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Tissue Biol., 2025, Vol. 19, pp. 234-239. doi: 10.1134/S1990519X25030058.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kretz A.-L., von Karstedt S., Hillenbrand A., Henne-Bruns D., Knippschild U., Trauzold A., Lemke J. Should we keep walking along the trail for pancreatic cancer treatment? Revisiting TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand for anticancer therapy. Cancers (Basel), 2018, Vol. 10, no. 3, 77. doi: 10.3390/cancers10030077.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kretz A.-L., von Karstedt S., Hillenbrand A., Henne-Bruns D., Knippschild U., Trauzold A., Lemke J. Should we keep walking along the trail for pancreatic cancer treatment? Revisiting TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand for anticancer therapy. Cancers (Basel), 2018, Vol. 10, no. 3, 77. doi: 10.3390/cancers10030077.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song K., Chen Y., Göke R., Wilmen A., Seidel C., Göke A., Hilliard B., Chen Y. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an inhibitor of autoimmune inflammation and cell cycle progression. J. Exp. Med., 2000, Vol. 191, no. 7, pp. 1095-1104. doi: 10.1084/jem.191.7.1095.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song K., Chen Y., Göke R., Wilmen A., Seidel C., Göke A., Hilliard B., Chen Y. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an inhibitor of autoimmune inflammation and cell cycle progression. J. Exp. Med., 2000, Vol. 191, no. 7, pp. 1095-1104. doi: 10.1084/jem.191.7.1095.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park Y.W., Ji J.D., Lee J.S., Ryang D.W., Yoo D.H. Actinomycin D renders cultured synovial fibroblasts susceptible to tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 2003, Vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 356-363. doi: 10.1080/03009740410005025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park Y.W., Ji J.D., Lee J.S., Ryang D.W., Yoo D.H. Actinomycin D renders cultured synovial fibroblasts susceptible to tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 2003, Vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 356-363. doi: 10.1080/03009740410005025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braithwaite A.T., Marriott H.M., Lawrie A. Divergent roles for TRAIL in lung diseases. Front. Med., 2018, Vol. 5, 212. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braithwaite A.T., Marriott H.M., Lawrie A. Divergent roles for TRAIL in lung diseases. Front. Med., 2018, Vol. 5, 212. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weissmann G. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus as immune complex diseases. Bull. Hosp. Jt Dis., 2009, Vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 251-253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weissmann G. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus as immune complex diseases. Bull. Hosp. Jt Dis., 2009, Vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 251-253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishihara R., Watanabe R., Shiomi M., Fujita Y., Katsushima M., Fukumoto K., Yamada S., Hashimoto M. The type I interferon axis in systemic autoimmune diseases: from molecular pathways to targeted therapy. Biomolecules, 2025, Vol. 15, no. 11, 1586. doi: 10.3390/biom15111586.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishihara R., Watanabe R., Shiomi M., Fujita Y., Katsushima M., Fukumoto K., Yamada S., Hashimoto M. The type I interferon axis in systemic autoimmune diseases: from molecular pathways to targeted therapy. Biomolecules, 2025, Vol. 15, no. 11, 1586. doi: 10.3390/biom15111586.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng F., Wu Z., Xu H., Li Y., Zhang S. Proportion of circulating T follicular helper cells in peripheral blood of systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun. Rev., 2025, Vol. 24, no. 10, 103874. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103874.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng F., Wu Z., Xu H., Li Y., Zhang S. Proportion of circulating T follicular helper cells in peripheral blood of systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun. Rev., 2025, Vol. 24, no. 10, 103874. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103874.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diaz-Gallo L.M., Oke V., Lundström E., Elvin K., Wu Y.L., Eketjäll S., et al. Four systemic lupus erythematosus subgroups, defined by autoantibodies status, differ regarding HLA-DRB1 genotype associations and immunological and clinical manifestations. ACR Open Rheumatol., 2022, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 27-39. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diaz-Gallo L.M., Oke V., Lundström E., Elvin K., Wu Y.L., Eketjäll S., et al. Four systemic lupus erythematosus subgroups, defined by autoantibodies status, differ regarding HLA-DRB1 genotype associations and immunological and clinical manifestations. ACR Open Rheumatol., 2022, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 27-39. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao Z., Hua Z., Luo X., Li Y., Yu L., Li M., Lu C., Zhao T., Liu Y. Application and pharmacological mechanism of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2022, Vol. 150, 113074. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113074.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao Z., Hua Z., Luo X., Li Y., Yu L., Li M., Lu C., Zhao T., Liu Y. Application and pharmacological mechanism of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2022, Vol. 150, 113074. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113074.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
