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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-MOT-3469</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3469</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СОЗРЕВАНИЕ ГУМОРАЛЬНОГО ИММУННОГО ОТВЕТА К SARS-COV-2 В ПАНДЕМИЧЕСКИЙ И ПОСТПАНДЕМИЧЕСКИЙ ПЕРИОДЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MATURATION OF THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SARS-COV-2 DURING THE PANDEMIC AND POST-PANDEMIC PERIODS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5803-6263</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черепович</surname><given-names>Б. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherepovich</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории генетики РНК-содержащих вирусов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Researcher, Laboratory of Genetics of RNA-containing Viruses</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bogdancherepovich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3509-0616</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крутько</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krutko</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории медицинской биотехнологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Research Associate, Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hurrysand@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9314-5762</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Квитанцева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kvitantseva</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории медицинской биотехнологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory assistant researcher at the Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kvitantseva.sofya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2889-9680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гогина</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gogina</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной биотехнологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Research Associate, Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fominasofya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0637-9184</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудряшова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryashova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории медицинской биотехнологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Associate, Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">2238250@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4813-9074</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцев</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaуtsev</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий лаборатории иммуномодуляторов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of immuno modulators</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lab.immunomod@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0284-7438</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипова</surname><given-names>Г. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipova</surname><given-names>G. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующая отделом клинических исследований</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medicine, Head of the Department of Clinical Research</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pulmofin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор, заведующая лабораторией молекулярной иммунологии ФГБНУ «НИИВС имени И.И. Мечникова»; профессор кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ (Сеченовский Университет).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Full Member, Russian Academy of Science, Head, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Director; Professor, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svitichoa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-2945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат химических наук, заведующая лабораторией медицинской биотехнологии </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Chemistry), Head, Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olvb@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова», Москва, РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» ФМБА России, Москва, РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute under FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова», Москва, РФ;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation;&#13;
I. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>3469</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Черепович Б.С., Крутько О.Н., Квитанцева С.А., Гогина С.С., Кудряшова А.М., Зайцев Е.М., Осипова Г.Л., Свитич О.А., Борисова О.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Черепович Б.С., Крутько О.Н., Квитанцева С.А., Гогина С.С., Кудряшова А.М., Зайцев Е.М., Осипова Г.Л., Свитич О.А., Борисова О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Cherepovich B.S., Krutko O.N., Kvitantseva S.A., Gogina S.S., Kudryashova A.M., Zaуtsev E.M., Osipova G.L., Svitich O.A., Borisova O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3469">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3469</self-uri><abstract><p>Целью данной работы было исследование динамики созревания гуморального иммунного ответа к рецептор-связывающему домену (RBD) SARS-CoV-2 в условиях накопленного иммунного опыта населения в период 2020–2025 гг., включая пандемическую и постпандемическую фазы.</p><p>Исследовали образцы сыворотки крови 817 добровольцев, полученные в период с 2017 по 2025 год. Выделено пять групп: постинфекционный иммунитет (2020 г., n=36), поствакцинальный иммунитет после вакцинации препаратом Гам-КОВИД-Вак (2021 г., n=83), гибридный иммунитет после инфекции и первичной вакцинации (2021 г., n=140), гибридный иммунитет после ревакцинации (2022 г., n=58) и постпандемическая выборка, полученная во время циркуляции субвариантов Омикрон (2024–2025 гг., n=338). Для оценки количества IgG-антител к RBD SARS-CoV-2 и определения их авидности использовали твердофазный иммуноферментный анализ с калибровкой по стандарту ВОЗ (NIBSC 20/136).</p><p>При использовании 4М мочевины наблюдалось постепенное увеличение доли образцов с высоким индексом авидности (ИА &gt;80%) от группы I к группе IV (11,5% → 82,9%); в группах с гибридным иммунитетом 70% образцов характеризовались ИА ≥80%. Однако при применении более жёсткого денатурирующего агента – 8М мочевины – практически во всех образцах групп I–IV индекс авидности не превышал 50%, что указывает на незавершённость созревания антител: лишь 8,7% образцов достигли порога ИА ≥50%. В постпандемической группе V (2024–2025 гг.) доля образцов с ИА ≥50% увеличилась до 16,3%, при этом медианный индекс авидности достоверно отличался от показателей пандемического периода (критерий Манна–Уитни, р &lt; 0,0001).</p><p>По результатам исследования можно предположить, что высокая антигенная изменчивость SARS-CoV-2 при смене вариантов вируса приводит к индукции новых первичных иммунных ответов на мутантные эпитопы параллельно с активацией существующей памяти к консервативным участкам. Это обусловливает циркуляцию смеси высокоавидных антител к «старым» и низкоавидных – к «новым» эпитопам, что препятствует достижению высокого суммарного индекса авидности (&gt;60–70%), характерного для зрелого иммунитета при инфекциях, дающих пожизненный иммунитет.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of maturation of the humoral immune response to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in the context of accumulated population immunity during the period 2020–2025, encompassing both pandemic and post-pandemic phases.</p><p>Serum samples from 817 volunteers collected between 2017 and 2025 were analyzed. Five groups were delineated: post-infection immunity (2020, n=36), post-vaccination immunity following Gam-COVID-Vac administration (2021, n=83), hybrid immunity following infection and primary vaccination (2021, n=140), hybrid immunity following booster vaccination (2022, n=58), and a post-pandemic cohort obtained during circulation of Omicron subvariants (2024–2025, n=338). Quantification of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD and determination of their avidity were performed using solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) calibrated against the WHO International Standard (NIBSC code: 20/136).</p><p>When 4 M urea was employed as a chaotropic agent, a gradual increase in the proportion of samples exhibiting high avidity index (AI &gt;80%) was observed from Group I to Group IV (11.5% → 82.9%); in groups with hybrid immunity, 70% of samples demonstrated AI ≥80%. However, upon application of a more stringent denaturing agent—8 M urea—the avidity index practically did not exceed 50% in nearly all samples from Groups I–IV, indicating incomplete antibody maturation: only 8.7% of samples reached the threshold of AI ≥50%. In the post-pandemic Group V (2024–2025), the proportion of samples with AI ≥50% increased to 16.3%, with the median avidity index differing significantly from pandemic-period values (Mann–Whitney U test, p &lt; 0.0001).</p><p>Based on the study results, it can be hypothesized that the high antigenic variability of SARS-CoV-2 accompanying viral variant succession induces novel primary immune responses to mutant epitopes concomitantly with reactivation of pre-existing memory to conserved regions. This results in the circulation of a heterogeneous antibody pool comprising high-avidity antibodies directed against "legacy" epitopes and low-avidity antibodies targeting "novel" epitopes, thereby impeding the attainment of a high cumulative avidity index (&gt;60–70%) characteristic of mature immunity in infections conferring lifelong protection.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>твердофазный ИФА</kwd><kwd>авидность</kwd><kwd>IgG-антитела</kwd><kwd>созревание антител</kwd><kwd>гуморальный иммунитет.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>solid-phase ELISA</kwd><kwd>avidity</kwd><kwd>IgG antibodies</kwd><kwd>antibody maturation</kwd><kwd>humoral immunity.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афридонова З.Э., Топтыгина А.П., Михайлов И.С. 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