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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-IRF-3382</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3382</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Иммуногенетические факторы риска онкогематологических заболеваний</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Immunogenetic risk factors for oncohematological diseases”</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0489-1763</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмич</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmich</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузьмич Елена Витальевна – к.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник НИЛ иммунологии </p><p>191024, Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Советская, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Kuzmich - PhD (Biology), leading researcher of the research laboratory of immunology </p><p>16 2nd Sovietskaya St St. Petersburg 191024 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yelenakuzmich@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7756-4902</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>И. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник НИЛ иммунологии </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), chief researcher of the research laboratory of immunology </p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr_pavlova_irina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-8127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глазанова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glazanova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник НИЛ иммунологии </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), chief researcher of the research laboratory of immunology </p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tatyana-glazanova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6690-3742</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бубнова</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bubnova</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, главный научный сотрудник НИЛ иммунологии ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт гематологии и трансфузиологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства»; профессор кафедры иммунологии ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Honored Science Worker, Chief Research Associate, Research Laboratory of Immunology, Russian Research Institute of Haematology and Transfusiology, Federal MedicalBiological Agency; Professor, Department of Immunology, First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lnbubnova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт гематологии и трансфузиологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Research Institute of haematology and transfusiology, Federal Medical and Bilogical Agencya</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт гематологии и трансфузиологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства»;&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Research Institute of haematology and transfusiology, Federal Medical and Bilogical Agencya;&#13;
First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>265</fpage><lpage>274</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кузьмич Е.В., Павлова И.Е., Глазанова Т.В., Бубнова Л.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузьмич Е.В., Павлова И.Е., Глазанова Т.В., Бубнова Л.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuzmich E.V., Pavlova I.E., Glazanova T.V., Bubnova L.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3382">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3382</self-uri><abstract><p>HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) гены играют важную роль в регуляции противоопухолевого иммунного ответа и характеризуются значительным аллельным и популяционным полиморфизмом. Молекулы, кодируемые HLA-генами, вовлечены в селекцию репертуара Т-клеточных рецепторов, процессинг и презентацию неоантигенов Т-клеткам, регуляцию цитолитической активности естественных киллеров. Структурные особенности HLA-антигенов и, прежде всего, характеристики антигенсвязывающего сайта, определяют эффективность их взаимодействия с иммунокомпетентными клетками, опосредуя предрасположенность или резистентность индивидуума к различным заболеваниям, в том числе злокачественным. Уклонение клеток опухоли от иммунного контроля и их неограниченная пролиферация могут быть следствием структурных или функциональных изменений HLA-молекул, приводящих к блокировке презентации неоантигенов цитотоксическим Т-лимфоцитам. Причинами подобных изменений могут быть мутации в генах, кодирующих a-цепь молекул HLA класса I, a-цепи и b-цепи молекул HLA класса II, а также в генах, кодирующих синтез белков, необходимых для правильной сборки, транспортировки, экспрессии и функций HLA-молекул (например, b2-микроглобулин или инвариантная цепь молекул HLA класса II). Низкая экспрессия HLA-молекул на опухолевых клетках или ее утрата также способствуют снижению иммунного контроля. Еще одним фактором, влияющим на эффективность противоопухолевого надзора, является «HLA-разнообразие». Гомозиготность HLA-генов обуславливает сужение спектра неоантигенов, которые могут быть представлены цитотоксическим Т-клеткам, что ослабляет противоопухолевый контроль. В настоящем обзоре проанализированы HLA-генетические факторы, ассоциированные с риском развития ряда онкогематологических заболеваний (острый миелоидный лейкоз, острый лимфобластный лейкоз, хронический миелоидный лейкоз, хронический лимфоцитарный лейкоз, диффузная В-крупноклеточная лимфома) у представителей различных популяционных групп. Выделены HLA-маркеры, связанные с ответом на терапию и долгосрочным прогнозом течения некоторых онкогематологических заболеваний. Результаты исследований ассоциативных связей HLA-фенотипа с онкогематологическими заболеваниями могут быть использованы на практике в качестве дополнительных дифференциально-диагностических или прогностических критериев, а также для формирования групп риска развития указанных заболеваний.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) genes play a key role in regulating the antitumor immune response and are characterized by significant allelic and population polymorphism. Molecules encoded by HLA genes are involved in the selection of the T cell receptor repertoire, the processing and presentation of neoantigens to T cells, and the regulation of the cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. The structural features of HLA antigens, and especially the characteristics of the antigen-binding site, determine the effectiveness of their interaction with immunocompetent cells, mediating an individual’s susceptibility or resistance to various diseases, including malignancies. Tumor cell evasion of immune control and their unlimited proliferation may result from structural or functional changes in HLA molecules, leading to blockage of neoantigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The causes of such changes may be mutations in the genes encoding the a-chain of HLA class I molecules, the aand b-chains of HLA class II molecules, as well as in the genes encoding the synthesis of proteins necessary for the proper assembly, transport, expression and functions of HLA molecules (for example, b2-microglobulin or the invariant chain of HLA class II molecules). Low or lost expression of HLA molecules on tumor cells also contributes to decreased immune surveillance. Another factor determining the effectiveness of antitumor surveillance is “HLA diversity.” Homozygosity of HLA genes narrows the spectrum of neoantigens that can be presented to cytotoxic T cells, weakening antitumor control. This review analyzes HLA genetic factors associated with the risk of developing a number of hematologic malignancies (acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma) in various population groups. HLA markers associated with the response to therapy and long-term prognosis of certain hematologic malignancies are identified. The results of the study of the associations between the HLA phenotype and hematologic malignancies can be used in practice as additional differential diagnostic or prognostic criteria, as well as for the formation of risk groups for developing these diseases.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>онкогематологические заболевания</kwd><kwd>протективный фактор</kwd><kwd>противоопухолевый контроль</kwd><kwd>фактор риска</kwd><kwd>HLA-аллели</kwd><kwd>HLA-антигены</kwd><kwd>HLA-гаплотипы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oncohematological diseases</kwd><kwd>protective factor</kwd><kwd>antitumor immune response</kwd><kwd>risk factor</kwd><kwd>HLA alleles</kwd><kwd>HLA antigens</kwd><kwd>HLA haplotypes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агрессивные нефолликулярные лимфомы – диффузная крупноклеточная В-клеточная лимфома, первичная медиастинальная В-клеточная лимфома, лимфома Беркитта. 2021. 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