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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-TSA-3373</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3373</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ТИМУС: СТРУКТУРА И ФУНКЦИЯ, НОРМА И ПАТОЛОГИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THYMUS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, NORM AND PATHOLOGY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6947-2212</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамова</surname><given-names>Т. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramova</surname><given-names>T. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатория клинической иммунопатологии, </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., D.Sc., leading researcher of the Laboratory of Clinical Immunopathology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tatjana-abramova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3868-938X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришина</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishina</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммунопатологии </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, researcher of the Laboratory of Clinical Immunopathology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">l_grishina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-1782</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель института, заведующий лабораторией клинической иммунопатологии Федерального Государственного Бюджетного Научного Учреждения «Научно-исследовательского института фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., D.S., prof., academic of RAS, head of the laboratory of clinical immunopathology, scientific advisor of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology”</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vakoz40@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное Государственное Бюджетное Научное Учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт Клинической и фундаментальной иммунологии» (НИИФКИ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology» (RIFCI)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>3373</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Абрамова Т.Я., Гришина Л.В., Козлов В.А., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абрамова Т.Я., Гришина Л.В., Козлов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abramova T.Y., Grishina L.V., Kozlov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3373">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3373</self-uri><abstract><p>Т-лимфоциты играют центральную роль в адаптивном иммунитете. Хелперные, цитотоксические,  регуляторные Т-клетки (Treg), нетрадиционные типы Т-клеток (γδT-клетки, естественные Т-клетки киллеры (NKT)), а также такие  подтипы Т-клеток, как инвариантные Т-клетки, ассоциированные со слизистой оболочкой MAIT) и интраэпителиальные лимфоциты CD8αα (lEL)) оказывают  помощь в  развитии гуморального иммунного ответа, уничтожении инфицированных и раковых клеток,  регуляции специфических и целевых иммунных реакций, достаточно успешно избегая при этом длительного воспаления и аутоиммунитета. Развитие Т- лимфоцитов осуществляется в несколько этапов, важнейшим из которых является формирование   аутотолерантности Т- клеток в тимусе. Являясь источником RTE (Recent Thymus Emigrant), наиболее ранних и антигенно наивных Т- клеток, выходящих из тимуса и фенотипически определяемых в периферической крови у человека, тимус создаёт необходимую среду для дифференцировки и селекции Т-клеток. Формирование центральной иммунной толерантности обусловлено взаимодействием наивных Т-клеток с микроокружением тимуса в медуллярной, корковой части и периваскулярном пространстве. Необходимое количество специфичных и аутотолерантных наивных клеток RTE, прошедших этапы отбора, постоянно экспортируется на периферию, способствуя установлению адаптивного иммунитета и центральной толерантности.</p><p>Сложные механизмы функционирования тимуса, обеспечивающие предотвращение аутоиммунных заболеваний с помощью процессов в корковом и мозговом веществе и включающие позитивный и негативный отбор и генерацию регуляторных Т-клеток (Tregs), воздействуют на структурный матрикс (кора и мозговое вещество) тимуса. Результаты этого воздействия зависят не только от среды, с которой контактирует организм, но и от изначальной структурной и функциональной устойчивости компонентов тимуса, недостаточность которых может привести к нарушениям и болезням органа, приводящем, в свою очередь, к сокрушительным последствиям для организма. Несмотря на сложности в изучении патогенеза аутоиммунных заболеваний, в настоящее время известно, что в их основе лежат нарушения структур, формирующих центральную аутотолерантность. Исследуется также вклад постепенного накопления генетических мутаций, изменения экспрессии генов, структурных и функциональных нарушений компонентов тимуса. Понимание молекулярных механизмов этих процессов необходимо для выявления диагностических биомаркеров, потенциальных контрольных точек и уточнения патогенеза аутоиммунных заболеваний, а также определяет возможные подходы к поддержанию или восстановлению функции тимуса и помогает разработать стратегии смягчения осложнений, связанных с инволюцией.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>T lymphocytes play a central role in adaptive immunity. Helper, cytotoxic, regulatory T cells (Treg), unconventional T cell types (γδT cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells), as well as T cell subtypes such as invariant T cells, mucosal-associated T cells (MAIT) and CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes (lEL) help develop the humoral immune response, destroy infected and cancer cells, regulate specific and targeted immune reactions, while avoiding long-term inflammation and autoimmunity. (The development of T lymphocytes occurs in several stages, the most important of which is the formation of T cell self-tolerance in the thymus. As the source of RTE (Recent Thymus Emigrant) T cells, the earliest and most antigenically naive T cells emerging from the thymus and phenotypically detectable in human peripheral blood, the thymus creates the necessary environment for T cell differentiation and selection. The development of central immune tolerance is determined by the interaction of naive T cells with the thymic microenvironment in the medullary, cortical, and perivascular spaces. A sufficient number of specific and self-tolerant naive RTE cells, having undergone selection, are continuously exported to the periphery, facilitating the establishment of adaptive immunity and central tolerance.</p><p>The complex mechanisms of thymus function that prevent autoimmune diseases affect the structural matrix (cortex and medulla) of the thymus. The results of this impact depend on both the environment with which the body is exposed and the structural and functional stability of thymus components, the deficiency of which can lead to organ dysfunction and disease, with devastating consequences for the body. Despite the difficulties in studying the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, it is now known that they are based on disturbances in the structures that form central autotolerance. The contribution of the gradual accumulation of genetic mutations, changes in gene expression, and structural and functional abnormalities of thymus components is also being studied. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of these processes is necessary for identifying diagnostic biomarkers, potential checkpoints, and clarifying the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It also identifies possible approaches to maintaining or restoring thymus function and helps develop strategies to mitigate complications associated with involution.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммунологическая толерантность</kwd><kwd>тимус</kwd><kwd>тимопоэз</kwd><kwd>положительный и отрицательный отбор</kwd><kwd>конвенциональные и регуляторные Т-клетки</kwd><kwd>RTE</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунные заболевания.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunological tolerance</kwd><kwd>thymus</kwd><kwd>thymopoiesis</kwd><kwd>positive and negative selection</kwd><kwd>convectional and regulatory T cells</kwd><kwd>RTE</kwd><kwd>autoimmune diseases.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов В.А. 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