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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-ACO-3274</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3274</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Концепция растворимых рецепторов при бронхиальной астме</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A concept of soluble receptors in bronchial asthma</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0352-8137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минеев</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mineev</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры госпитальной терапии имени академика М.В. Черноруцкого.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, M. Chernorutskiy Department of Hospital Therapy.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vnmineev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1268-9795</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нёма</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nyoma</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нёма Михаил Александрович – к.м.н., доцент кафедры госпитальной терапии имени академика М.В. Черноруцкого.</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6-8 Teл.: 8 (812) 338-60-87</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail A. Nyoma - PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, M. Chernorutskiy Department of Hospital Therapy.</p><p>6-8 L.Tolstoy St. Petersburg 197022 Phone: +7 (812) 338-60-87</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nyoma1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6193-2774</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокина</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokina</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> д.м.н., профессор кафедры госпитальной терапии имени академика М.В. Черноруцкого.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, M. Chernorutskiy Department of Hospital Therapy.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lada_sorokina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7934-0718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., ассистент кафедры госпитальной терапии имени академика М.В. Черноруцкого.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Assistant Professor, M. Chernorutskiy Department of Hospital Therapy.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pavast02@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2113-5200</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муркина</surname><given-names>Р. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Murkina</surname><given-names>R. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>клинический ординатор кафедры госпитальной терапии имени академика М.В. Черноруцкого.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Resident, M. Chernorutskiy Department of Hospital Therapy.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mrg1327x@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Минеев В.Н., Нёма М.А., Сорокина Л.Н., Павлова А.С., Муркина Р.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Нёма М.А., Сорокина Л.Н., Павлова А.С., Муркина Р.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Nyoma M.A., Sorokina L.N., Pavlova A.S., Murkina R.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3274">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3274</self-uri><abstract><p>Особенности функционирования растворимых рецепторов, прежде всего растворимых цитокиновых рецепторов, находятся в поле зрения исследователей, начиная с последнего десятилетия XX века. Интерес аллергологов к проблеме растворимых рецепторов связан с тем, что при изучении патогенеза бронхиальной астмы (БА) разрабатываются направления, связанные с исследованиями эктопических хемосенсорных сигнальных систем, в частности эктопических вкусовых рецепторов к горькому вкусу Tas2R, а также с исследованиями путей сигнализации рецептора конечных продуктов гликирования (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, RAGE). В обоих исследованиях изучали при БА экспрессию растворимых рецепторов. В статье обсуждаются механизмы образования растворимых рецепторов: 1) протеолитическое расщепление существующего мембранного рецептора; 2) синтез и высвобождение растворимого рецептора, лишенного трансмембранного домена, посредством альтернативного сплайсинга мРНК; 3) высвобождение мембранных рецепторов в экзосомах. Рассматриваются возможные функциональные эффекты растворимых рецепторов: нейтрализация соответствующих лигандов (рецепторы-ловушки), перенос лигандов, стабилизация лигандов, связывание мембранных белков. Результаты исследований растворимых рецепторов в норме и патологии в некоторых случаях противоречивы и до конца не поняты. С другой стороны, растворимые рецепторы могут представлять собой перспективные терапевтические средства. Полученные нами ранее данные о возможной функции ряда растворимых рецепторов: Tas2R38, Tas2R31, Tas2R5 при исследовании больных с БА рассматриваются с уже известных позиций функционирования растворимых рецепторов. Наиболее важными общими характеристиками изученных нами растворимых рецепторов при БА являются: 1) низкие плазменные уровни всех обсуждаемых Tas2R при аллергическом варианте БА по сравнению с неаллергическим вариантом заболевания; 2) корреляционный анализ выявил обратную корреляционную связь плазменных уровней рецепторов Tas2R с показателями, характеризующими бронхиальную проходимость; 3) выявлена корреляционная связь Tas2R с моноцитарномакрофагальными клетками, с клетками гранулоцитарного ряда, а также с реснитчатыми клетками бронхов. Судя по данным литературы и собственным данным, регулирующая роль растворимых форм рецепторов, участвующих в патогенезе БА, прежде всего цитокинов, а также sTas2R и sRAGE может рассматриваться сквозь призму функций соответствующих мембранных рецепторов. В этом случае растворимым формам рецепторов отводится роль белков-ловушек, блокирующих клеточные функции, опосредуемые мембранными рецепторами. При таком подходе при БА обсуждаемые растворимые рецепторы цитокинов и sRAGE оказывают положительный регуляторный эффект, а sTas2R – негативный. Учет при БА баланса функций растворимых и мембраносвязанных рецепторов клеток, участвующих в патогенезе заболевания, особенно важен при разработке потенциально новой таргетной терапии БА, где мишенью являются рецепторы Tas2R и RAGE.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Functioning of soluble receptors, mainly soluble cytokine receptors, has been of interest to researchers since the last decade of the 20th century. Allergists’ interest in the issues of soluble receptors is relevant to our studies in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma (BA), specifically, development of ectopic chemosensory signaling systems, including ectopic bitter taste receptors Tas2R, and signaling pathways of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE). The expression of soluble receptors in BA was investigated in both studies. The article discusses the mechanisms of soluble receptor formation: 1) proteolytic cleavage of existing membrane receptors; 2) synthesis and release of soluble receptors lacking a transmembrane domain via alternative mRNA splicing; 3) release of membrane receptors in exosomes. Possible functional effects of soluble receptors are considered, i.e., neutralization of corresponding ligands (decoy receptors), ligand transport, ligand stabilization, and binding of membrane proteins. The results of studies of soluble receptors in health and disease are sometimes contradictory and not fully understood. Soluble receptors may be considered prospective therapeutic agents. Our previous data concerning probable functions of a number of soluble Tas2R38, Tas2R31, Tas2R5 receptors are considered when studying the patients with asthma in view of earlier knowledge of the soluble receptors functioning. The most important characteristics of the soluble receptors studied in BA are: 1) lower plasma levels of all discussed Tas2Rs in allergic asthma compared to nonallergic forms; 2) an inverse correlation between plasma Tas2R levels and bronchial resistance; 3) correlation of Tas2Rs with monocyte-macrophages, granulocytes and bronchial ciliated cells. The regulatory role of soluble receptors involved in asthma pathogenesis, mainly cytokines, as well as sTas2R and sRAGE, can be viewed through the corresponding membrane receptor functions. In this case, soluble forms of receptors play the role of decoy proteins that block functions mediated by membrane receptors. In this approach, the discussed soluble cytokine receptors and sRAGE have a positive regulatory effect in BA, whereas sTas2R exert negative action. The balance of soluble and membrane-bound receptor functions in cells involved in asthma pathogenesis is crucial for developing the novel therapies for asthma by targeting the Tas2R and RAGE receptors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>растворимые рецепторы</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>эктопические вкусовые рецепторы</kwd><kwd>рецепторы конечных продуктов гликирования</kwd><kwd>sTas2R</kwd><kwd>sRAGE</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>soluble receptors</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>ectopic taste receptors</kwd><kwd>advanced glycation-end products</kwd><kwd>soluble receptors</kwd><kwd>sTas2R</kwd><kwd>sRAGE</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виткина Т.И., Сидлецкая К.А. 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