mimmunМедицинская иммунологияMedical Immunology (Russia)1563-06252313-741XSPb RAACI10.15789/1563-0625-NAP-3135mimmun-3243Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSНейтрофилы против возбудителей инвазивных микозов: “традиционные” и “нетрадиционные” средства борьбыNeutrophils against pathogens of invasive mycoses: Conventional and nontraditional fighting toolsМезенцеваЕ. А.MezentsevaE. A.

Мезенцева Елена Анатольевна – к.м.н., доцент кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии  

454092, г. Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64 

Тел.: 8 (902) 892-28-43 

Elena A. Mezentseva, PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology 

64 Vorovsky St Chelyabinsk 454092  

Phone: +7 (902) 892-28-43 

alena_mez_75@mail.ruДолгушинИ. И.DolgushinI. I.

Д.м.н., академик Российской академии наук, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, кафедра микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии 

г. Челябинск 

PhD, MD (Medicine), Full Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology 

Chelyabinsk 

ФГБОУ ВО «Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения РФРоссияSouth Ural State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202506062025273501518Copyright © Мезенцева Е.А., Долгушин И.И., 20252025Мезенцева Е.А., Долгушин И.И.Mezentseva E.A., Dolgushin I.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3243

Цель обзора – анализ стратегий поведения и механизмов антимикотической активности нейтрофилов в отношении грибов Candida и Aspergillus на основании данных, опубликованных в открытых научных источниках. Инвазивные микозы – системные заболевания, вызываемые микроскопическими грибами, характеризующиеся высокой заболеваемостью и смертностью у иммунокомпрометированных лиц, особенно с нейтропенией. Нейтрофилы обладают значимой антимикотической активностью в отношении Candida spp. и Aspergillus spp. C. albicans, наиболее распространенный возбудитель инвазивного кандидоза, обладает выраженной морфологической пластичностью. Нейтрофилы при невозможности фагоцитировать гифы гриба выбирают другой механизм защиты, формируя нейтрофильные внеклеточные ловушки (НВЛ) в результате нетоза. Биопленочные формы C. albicans вызывают активную миграцию и адгезию нейтрофилов, но, в отличие от планктонных форм, подавляют высвобождение НВЛ, что способствует большей выживаемости возбудителя. Кластеры дрожжевых клеток C. albicans и конидий A. fumigatus вызывают роение нейтрофилов – LTB4-опосредованный координированный и строго контролируемый процесс, характеризующийся накоплением нейтрофилов в месте инфекции и направленный на его изоляцию от здоровых тканей. При кандидемии происходит внутрисосудистое роение нейтрофилов в легких, являющееся специфической защитной реакцией на грибковые патогены. При системном кандидозе часть нейтрофилов трансформируется в PMN-DC, демонстрирующие эффективный киллинг и индуцирующие антигенспецифический иммунный ответ в отношении грибковых патогенов. Конидии A. fumigatus побуждают человеческие нейтрофилы к высвобождению внеклеточных везикул с потенциальным фунгицидным действием. Споры быстро прорастающих штаммов A. fumigatus стимулируют приток нейтрофилов, способствующих быстрому клиренсу грибкового патогена; конидии медленно прорастающих штаммов способны к длительной персистенции вследствие меньшего привлечения нейтрофилов и выживания внутри макрофагов. Взаимодействие нейтрофилов с растущими гифами A. fumigatus приводит к развитию роения, нетоза, генерации ROS; степень ветвления гиф влияет на их восприимчивость к нейтрофил-опосредованному киллингу: наиболее разветвленные гифы более уязвимы и погибают первыми. Гифы A. fumigatus вызывают в нейтрофилах активацию NADPH-оксидазы и миелопероксидазы с генерацией ROS, оказывающих цитотоксическое действие, и индуцируют формирование НВЛ, обладающих преимущественно фунгистатическим эффектом. Таким образом, имеющиеся данные и дальнейшее исследование механизмов антимикотической активности нейтрофилов могут стать основой для формирования новых патогенетических концепций, профилактических, терапевтических и диагностических подходов в отношении возбудителей инвазивных микозов.

The aim of the present review is to analyze the behavioral strategies and mechanisms of antifungal activity of neutrophils against Candida and Aspergillus based on data published in open scientific sources. Invasive mycoses are systemic diseases caused by microscopic fungi, characterized by high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with neutropeniA. Neutrophils have significant antifungal activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. C. albicans, the most common causative agent of invasive candidiasis, exhibits a pronounced morphological plasticity. When neutrophils are unable to phagocytize fungal hyphae, they choose another defense mechanism, forming NETs as a result of NETosis. The C. albicans biofilms cause active migration and adhesion of neutrophils, but, unlike planktonic forms, they suppress the release of NETs thus promoting survival of the pathogen. Clusters of C. albicans yeasts and A. fumigatus conidia induce neutrophil swarming, an LTB4-mediated, coordinated, and tightly controlled process characterized by accumulation of neutrophils at the site of infection and aimed at its isolation from healthy tissues. Intravascular neutrophil swarming occurs in the lungs during candidemia, which is a specific defense response to fungal pathogens. In systemic candidiasis, a subpopulation of neutrophils is transformed to PMN-DCs, which demonstrate effective killing and induce an antigen-specific immune response against fungal pathogens. A. fumigatus conidia induce human neutrophils to release extracellular vesicles with potential fungicidal activity. Spores of fast-growing A. fumigatus strains stimulate an influx of neutrophils, facilitating rapid clearance of the fungal pathogen; conidia of slower-growing strains are capable of long-term persistence due to lower neutrophil attraction and survival inside macrophages. Interaction of neutrophils with growing A. fumigatus hyphae results in swarming, NETosis, and ROS generation; the degree of hyphal branching affects their susceptibility to neutrophil-mediated killing: the most branched hyphae are more vulnerable and die first. A. fumigatus hyphae cause activation of NADPH-oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils with ROS generation which exert a cytotoxic effect and induce the formation of NETs with a predominantly fungistatic effect. Thus, the available data and further study of the mechanisms of neutrophil antifungal activity may provide the basis for development of new pathogenetic concepts, preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to the causative agents of invasive mycoses.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.