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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-AEO-3227</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3227</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Иммуномодулирующий и противоопухолевый потенциал РНК-интерференции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antitumor effects of small interfering RNAs</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5682-4581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пашков</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pashkov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший преподаватель кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии ФГАОУ ВО ПМГМУ им И.М. Сеченова; младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии ФГБНУ НИИВС им И.И. Мечникова</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology; Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pashckov.j@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9029-9613</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурзина</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Murzina</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории эпидемиологического анализа и мониторинга инфекционных заболеваний </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Epidemiological Analysis and Monitoring of Infectious Diseases</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alena_11_08@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6630-4838</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>I. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории терапевтических вакцин, преподаватель</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Lecturer</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ibsemenova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1285-7357</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шатохин</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shatokhin</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры эндоскопической урологии </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Department of Endoscopic Urology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sh.77@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., академик РАН, директор ФГБНУ НИИВС им И.И. Мечникова; профессор кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии ФГАОУ ВО ПМГМУ им И.М. Сеченова</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Full Member, Russian Academy of Science, Director, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera; Professor, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svitichoa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-1892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., академик РАН, научный руководитель ФГБНУ НИИВС им И.И. Мечникова; заведующий кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии ФГАОУ ВО ПМГМУ им И.М. Сеченова</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Full Member, Russian Academy of Science, Scientific Adviser, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera; Head, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vitalyzverev@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ (Сеченовский Университет); ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1205</fpage><lpage>1218</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пашков Е.А., Мурзина А.А., Семенова И.Б., Шатохин М.Н., Свитич О.А., Зверев В.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пашков Е.А., Мурзина А.А., Семенова И.Б., Шатохин М.Н., Свитич О.А., Зверев В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pashkov E.A., Murzina A.A., Semenova I.B., Shatokhin M.N., Svitich O.A., Zverev V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3227">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3227</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы – обобщение существующих результатов в противоопухолевой РНКи-терапии, а также выделение роли миРНК как ремодулятора иммунного ответа при онкологических заболеваниях. Литературный обзор включает анализ научных работ из баз данных PubMed, Embase, eLIBRARY, «КиберЛенинка» и Web of Science, CNKI и MEDLINE. Рак – одна из наиболее актуальных проблем глобального здравоохранения на сегодняшний день. Значимость настоящей проблемы обуславливается иммунной толерантностью опухолей, их лекарственной резистентностью, а также рядом ограничений в использовании традиционных методов лечения. Подходов на основе РНК-интерференции (РНКи), в реализации которых могут быть применены молекулы малых интерферирующих РНК (миРНК), могут предложить перспективную терапевтическую тактику, которая будет сочетать в себе выраженный иммуномодулирующий эффект и целевое подавление экспрессии генов, важных для опухолевого роста. РНКи опосредованное ингибирование регуляторных опухолевых путей (PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-катенин), позволит нарушить пролиферацию и метастазирование новообразования, параллельно мобилизуя противоопухолевый иммунитет через стимуляцию Toll-подобных рецепторов (TLR7/8), созревание дендритных клеток и инфильтрацию в опухоль цитотоксических Т-лимфоцитов. Ряд проведенных исследований демонстрирует потенциал применения миРНК в терапии опухолевых заболеваний, который заключается в изменении фенотипа опухолеассоциированных макрофагов, снижении продукции противовоспалительных цитокинов, а также в стимуляции блокады иммунных контрольных точек. Исследование подобного подхода на модели in vivo в лабораторных условиях приводило к уменьшению объема меланомы, опухолей молочной железы и гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы до 5 раз, подавлению метастазирования и повышению общей выживаемости. Рак остается одной из наиболее значимых проблем современной медицины, характеризующейся высокой смертностью, сложными механизмами иммунной толерантности и частым возникновением резистентности к существующим терапевтическим подходам. Несмотря на прогресс в современной онкоиммунологии, использование ингибиторов контрольных точек и таргетных противоопухолевых средств, эффективность настоящих подходов ограничена иммуносупрессивным окружением опухоли, гетерогенностью злокачественных клеток, побочными эффектами и токсичностью самих лекарственных средств. В контексте этого РНК-интерференция является многообещающим подходом, который способен решить одновременно несколько ключевых задач онкоиммунологии, таких как подавление экспрессии критических онкогенов; блокировка опухолевых сигнальных путей, ответственных за опухолевую пролиферацию, инвазию, выживаемость; а также запуск каскада реакций иммуномодуляции, что будет приводить к активации врожденного иммунитета. Двойной эффект РНК-интерференции, который заключается в прямом воздействии на опухолевые клетки и иммунной модуляции опухолевой среды – делает РНКи прекрасным инструментом для преодоления опухолевой иммунотолерантности и обеспечения прямого цитотоксического противоопухолевого эффекта.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of our work was to summarize the existing results in anticancer therapy with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), as well as to highlight the role of siRNA as a remodulator of the immune response in oncological diseases. The literature review includes an analysis of research publications from the PubMed, Embase, eLIBRARY, CyberLeninka and Web of Science, CNKI and MEDLINE databases. Sufficient challenges in cancer treatment occur due to the immune tolerance of tumors, their drug resistance, and a number of limitations in usage of conventional treatment schedules. The novel RNA interference (RNAi)-based approaches, may be implemented using small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules. These methods may offer promising therapeutic strategies that will promote an immunomodulatory effect and targeted suppression of gene expression important for tumor growth. Inhibition of tumor regulatory pathways will affect tumor proliferation and metastasis, while mobilizing antitumor immunity through stimulation of Toll-like receptors, maturation of dendritic cells, and infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes into the tumor. The in vivo studies of this approach in experimental models showed a decrease in the volume of melanoma, breast tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma up to 5 times, suppression of metastasis and increased overall survival. Cancer treatment is among the most significant problems of modern medicine, characterized by high mortality, mechanisms of immune tolerance and frequent emergence of resistance to existing therapeutic approaches. Despite the progress in modern oncoimmunology, usage of checkpoint inhibitors and targeted antitumor agents, the effectiveness of current approaches is limited by immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors, heterogeneity of malignant cells, adverse effects and toxicity of the drug therapy. RNAi treatment is a promising approach that can simultaneously solve several key problems of oncoimmunology, such as suppression of the driver oncogenes; blocking tumor signaling pathways; as well as activation of innate immunity. The dual effect of RNAi, which consists of a direct effect on tumor cells and immune modulation of the tumor environment, makes RNAi an excellent tool for overcoming tumor immunotolerance and providing a direct cytotoxic antitumor effect. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>РНК-интерференция</kwd><kwd>малые интерферирующие РНК</kwd><kwd>нокаут гена</kwd><kwd>опухолевое микроокружение</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>RNA interference</kwd><kwd>small interfering RNA</kwd><kwd>gene knockout</kwd><kwd>tumor microenvironment</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Свитич О.А., Филина А.Б., Давыдова Н.В., Ганковская Л.В., Зверев В.В. Роль факторов врожденного иммунитета в процессе опухолеобразования // Медицинская иммунология, 2018. Т. 20, № 2. 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