References

mimmun

Медицинская иммунология

Medical Immunology (Russia)

1563-06252313-741X

SPb RAACI

10.15789/1563-0625-GDT-3160

mimmun-3160

Research Article

ОБЗОРЫ

REVIEWS

Гамма-дельта (γδ) T-клетки: происхождение, фенотип, функции

Gamma delta (γδ) T cells: origin, phenotype, functions

Соколов

Д. И.

Sokolov

D. I.

Соколов Дмитрий Игоревич – д.б.н., доцент, заведующий отделом иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии

199034, Санкт-Петербург, Менделеевская линия, 3.

Dmitry I. Sokolov, PhD, MD (Biology), Associate Professor, Head, Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions; Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology

3 Mendeleevskaya Line St. Petersburg 199034

falcojugger@yandex.ru

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. Отта»; ФБУН «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человекаРоссияD. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology; Saint Petersburg Pasteur InstituteRussian Federation

2025

15102025

275899934

2025

Соколов Д.И.

Sokolov D.I.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3160

Важнейшей функцией γδТ-клеток является контроль за реакциями врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета. Эти клетки также участвуют в противобактериальном, противовирусном, противоопухолевом иммунитете, регулируют воспаление, определяют гомеостаз барьерных тканей, регулируют взаимодействие клеток в зоне маточно-плацентарного контакта и осуществляют надзор за течением беременности, участвуют в патогенезе аутоиммунных заболеваний, участвуют в ранозаживлении, поддерживают целостность эпителия. За последние годы в литературе появилось большое количество данных о многообразии субпопуляций γδT-клеток, порой противоположных, или даже антагонистических, роли этих субпопуляций в физиологических и патологических процессах. Поэтому целью настоящего обзора явилась систематизация данных о биологии γδT-клеток, их происхождении, фенотипе, функциях и способах применения в клинике. В обзоре изложены современные представления о происхождении γδТ-клеток, стадиях их внутритимической дифференцировки, возможностях внетимической трансдифференцировки одних субпопуляций в другие. В обзоре приведена современная классификация субпопуляций γδТ-клеток человека, основанная на экспрессии γ- и δ-цепей Т-клеточного рецептора, описаны фенотип и свойства наиболее распространенных популяций Vδ1, Vδ2, Vδ3 Т-клеток. Приведена классификация γδТ-клеток человека, основанная на продукции ими цитокинов и экспрессии внутриклеточных мессенджеров, подробно описаны свойства и функции наиболее изученных субпопуляций: γδT1, γδT17, γδNKT, γδTreg, γδTAPC, γδTfh. В обзоре особое внимание уделяется фенотипу различных популяций, секреции ими цитокинов, приводятся данные об экспрессии поверхностных рецепторов γδТ-клеток человека и их функциях. В частности, рассмотрены особенности строения и лиганды γδТ-клеточного рецептора, а также рецепторы, контролирующие их активность (LIRB1/ILT2, KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2/3, KIR2DL4, KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2, KIR3DL2, KLRD1, NKG2A, NKG2C, NKG2D, NKG2F, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, KLRC3, DNAM1, KLRG1/MAFA, FcγRIII, BTLA, PD1, TIGIT, VISTA, LAG3, TIM3, CTLA-4, 2B4, NK1 (NK28), KLRB1, TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8), цитотоксичность в отношении клеток-мишеней, хемокиновые CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR9, CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, цитокиновые и адгезионные рецепторы. В обзоре приведена информация об участии субпопуляций γδТ-клеток человека в различных физиологических и патологических процессах, отмечена их неоднозначная роль в надзоре за опухолевым ростом. На основании описанных данных приводятся сведения о возможных перспективах применения γδТ-клеток в терапии некоторых заболеваний.

The primary function of γδT cells is to regulate the responses of innate and adaptive immune systems. These cells also play a role in antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor immune responses, regulate inflammation, maintain homeostasis in barrier tissues, control cell interactions in the uteroplacental interface, monitor pregnancy progression, contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, participate in wound repair, and maintain epithelial integrity. Over recent years, numerous data were presented on the diversity of γδT cell subpopulations and its role in physiological and pathological processes, sometimes being controversial, or even antagonistic. Hence, the purpose of this review was to systematize data on the biology of γδT cells, including their origin, phenotype, functions, and approaches to their clinical application. The article presents modern concepts regarding the origin of γδT cells, stages of their intrathymic differentiation, and extra-thymic potential for trans-differentiation of some subpopulations. The review presents a modern classification of human γδT cells based on expression of γ- and δ-chains of the T cell receptor, their phenotype and describes the properties of the most common populations of Vδ1, Vδ2, Vδ3 T cells. Classification of human γδT cells based on their cytokine production and expression of intracellular messengers is proposed, the properties and functions of the most studied subpopulations are described in details: γδT1, γδT17, γδNKT, γδTreg, γδTAPC, γδTfh. The review pays special attention to the phenotype of various populations, their ability for cytokine secretion, and provides data on expression of surface receptors of human γδT cells and their functions. In particular, the structural features and ligands of the γδT cell receptor, are addressed as well as specific receptors controlling their activity (LIRB1/ILT2, KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2/3, KIR2DL4, KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2, KIR3DL2, KLRD1, NKG2A, NKG2C, NKG2D, NKG2F, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, KLRC3, DNAM1, KLRG1/MAFA, FcyRIII, BTLA, PD1, TIGIT, VISTA, LAG3, TIM3, CTLA-4, 2B4, NK1 (NK28), KLRB1, TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8), cytotoxicity against target cells, chemokines CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR9, CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, cytokine and adhesion receptors. The review provides information on the participation of human γδT cell subpopulations under various physiological and pathological conditions, and their role in the tumor surveillance. On this basis, possible prospects for usage of γδT cells in the treatment of distinct diseases are also discussed.

gdT-клеткилимфоцитыфенотипцитотоксичностьцитокиныдифференцировка

gdT cellslymphocytesphenotypecytotoxicitycytokinesdifferentiation

Работа поддержана грантом РНФ 25-24-00028.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.