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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-CIT-3149</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3149</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изменения молекулярно-генетического профиля молекул врожденного иммунитета у лиц, перенесших COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Changes in the molecular genetic profile of innate immune molecules in individuals who have had COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7307-0515</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамова</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramova</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абрамова Наталья Дмитриевна - младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии.</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный пер., 5а. Тел.: 8 (916) 478-64-57</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia D. Abramova - Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology.</p><p>5a Maly Kazenny Lane Moscow 105064 Russian Federation Phone: +7 (916) 478-64-57</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">and960911@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1668-1846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калюжная</surname><given-names>Н. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalyuzhnaya</surname><given-names>N. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nat_kalyuzhnaya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4334-1473</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меремьянина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Meremianina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии ФГБНУ «НИИВС имени И.И. Мечникова»; старший преподаватель кафедры вирусологии ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения РФ.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, I. Mechnikov RIVS; Senior Lecturer, Department of Virology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ekaterina@meremianina.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5620-1843</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры микробиологии, иммунологии и вирусологии имени академика А.А. Воробьева.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, A. Vorobyov Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Virology.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bogdanova_e_a_1@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-9403</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костинов</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostinova</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий лабораторией вакцинопрофилактики и иммунотерапии ФГБНУ «НИИВС имени И.И. Мечникова»; профессор кафедры эпидемиологии и современных технологий вакцинации ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский ГМУ имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ (Сеченовский Университет).</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy, I. Mechnikov RIVS; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Modern Vaccination Technologies, I. Sechenov First Moscow SMU (Sechenov University).</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">monolit.96@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sviticha</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор РАН, член-корр. РАН, директор ФГБНУ «НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова»; профессор кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии имени академика А.А. Воробьева ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский ГМУ имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ (Сеченовский Университет).</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director, I. Mechnikov RIVS; Professor, A. Vorobyov Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Virology, I. Sechenov First Moscow SMU (Sechenov University).</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svitichoa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова»; ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова»; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera; I. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Абрамова Н.Д., Калюжная Н.О., Меремьянина Е.А., Богданова Е.А., Костинов М.П., Свитич О.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абрамова Н.Д., Калюжная Н.О., Меремьянина Е.А., Богданова Е.А., Костинов М.П., Свитич О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abramova N.D., Kalyuzhnaya N.O., Meremianina E.A., Bogdanova E.A., Kostinova M.P., Sviticha O.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3149">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3149</self-uri><abstract><p>Заболевание COVID-19 в 2020 году получило статус пандемии. За этот период было выявлено, что тяжесть течения заболевания патологии может зависеть не только от штамма вируса, но и от функционирования иммунной системы. Цель – изучение особенностей экспрессионных и генетических факторов врожденного иммунитета у пациентов, перенесших заболевание COVID-19. Был изучен материал от 148 пациентов (соскобы со слизистых оболочек и венозная кровь). Идентификация изучаемых маркеров проводилась методами обратной транскрипции и ПЦР-РВ. Статистическую обработку результатов проводили с использованием критерия Манна–Уитни, точного критерия Фишера, критерия χ2, отношения шансов и 95%-ного доверительного интервала. В ходе проведенного нами исследования была показана прогностическая роль полиморфных маркеров и гаплотипов в генах TLR9 (rs352140 и rs5743836) и TLR4 (rs11536889 и rs4986791) в отношении риска развития тяжелого течения инфекции SARS-CoV-2. При изучении отдаленных последствий COVID-19 было выявлено, что у пациентов, перенесших заболевание, сохраняется дисбаланс экспрессии рецепторных и эффекторных молекул на уровне мукозального иммунитета. Наблюдается снижение уровня экспрессии как рецепторных молекул (TLR3, TLR7), так и факторов противовирусного иммунного ответа (IL-28) в слизистых ротоглотки на фоне общего увеличения этих маркеров в эпителиальных клетках слизистой оболочки носоглотки. Были изучены экспрессионные и генетические факторы врожденного иммунитета, приводящие к тяжелому течению инфекции SARS-CoV-2 и, как следствие, к стойким изменениям в иммунной системе в течение длительного времени после выздоровления, что расширяет наши знания о молекулярно-генетических механизмах, связанных с длительным течением COVID-19. Полученные в ходе исследования результаты могут помочь оценить риски развития тяжелого течения инфекции, вызванной SARS-CoV-2, и развивающихся впоследствии осложнений у госпитализированных пациентов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has been declared. Since then, it was revealed that the severity of the disease pathology may depend not only on the viral strain, but also on the functioning of immunity system. The aim of our study was to evaluate some characteristics of expression and genetic factors of innate immunity in patients who have had COVID-19. We have studied scrapings from mucous membranes and venous blood samples taken from 148 patients. Identification of the studied markers was carried out using reverse transcription and RT-PCR methods. Statistical analysis of results was carried out using Mann–Whitney test, Fisher’s exact test, χ2 test, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Our study has demonstrated a prognostic role of polymorphic markers, i.e., haplotypes of TLR9 (rs352140 and rs5743836) and TLR4 (rs11536889 and rs4986791) gene variants related to the risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. When studying long-term effects of COVID-19, we have revealed that an imbalance in the expression of receptor and effector molecules at the mucosal level of immune response remains in patients who had a history of this disease. There was a decreased expression of both receptor molecules (TLR3, TLR7) and antiviral immune response factors (IL-28) in the oropharyngeal mucosa along with general increase of these markers in epithelial cells of nasopharyngeal mucosa. Expression levels and genetic factors of innate immunity associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and, consequently, persistent changes in immune system long after recovery, have been revealed, thus expanding our knowledge of molecular genetics mechanisms associated with prolonged course of COVID-19. The results obtained during the study may help to assess the risks of developing severe infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 and evolving complications in hospitalized patients.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коронавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм генов</kwd><kwd>SNP</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>coronavirus infection</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>innate immune response</kwd><kwd>genetic polymorphisms</kwd><kwd>SNP</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (РФФИ) по проекту (гранту) № 20-04-60450/20 с использованием материально-технической базы ЦПК (центра коллективного пользования) ФГБНУ «НИИВС» им. И.И. 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