<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-IOO-3141</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3141</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние окислительного стресса на активность киназы mTOR В CD4+Т-лимфоцитах при аутоиммунном тиреоидите</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Influence of oxidative stress on the activity of mTOR kinase in CD4+T lymphocytes in autoimmune thyroiditis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурцева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burtseva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бурцева Анастасия Владимировна – магистрант, кафедра биохимии биотехнологии и фармакологии </p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Burtseva Anastasia V., Master’s Student, Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Pharmacology</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">renardtriste00@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихонова</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhonova</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тихонова Анамстасия Николаевна – бакалавр, кафедра биохимии биотехнологии и фармакологии </p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tikhonova Anastasia N., Bachelor, Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Pharmacology</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">askatix@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-2983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьева</surname><given-names>З. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasyeva</surname><given-names>Z. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Афанасьева Зинаида Александровна – д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры онкологии, радиологии и паллиативной медицины</p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Afanasyeva Zinaida A., PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Palliative Medicine</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">z-afanasieva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3749-3411</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамова</surname><given-names>З. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramova</surname><given-names>Z. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абрамова Зинаида Ивановна – д.б.н., профессор, профессор кафедры биохимии, биотехнологии и фармакологии, Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии </p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Abramova Zinaida I., PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Pharmacology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ziabramova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казанская государственная медицинская академия – филиал ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical Academy, Branch of Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>847</fpage><lpage>862</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бурцева А.В., Тихонова А.Н., Афанасьева З.А., Абрамова З.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бурцева А.В., Тихонова А.Н., Афанасьева З.А., Абрамова З.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Burtseva A.V., Tikhonova A.N., Afanasyeva Z.A., Abramova Z.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3141">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3141</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время при изучении аутоиммунных процессов стали обращать внимание на специфические процессы, в которых участвуют митохондрии: это нарушение внутриклеточной передачи сигналов, включая генерацию активированных кислородных метаболитов и выход из митохондрий в цитоплазму белков, активирующих процесс апоптоза. Эти функции митохондрий, как правило, связаны с нарушением их биоэнергетических функций и избыточной продукцией Н2О2. В настоящее время активно развивается новое направление – участие митохондрий в иммунном ответе. Поэтому целью данного исследования было изучение динамики факторов апоптоза и аутофагии, связанных с митохондриями CD4+Т-клеток при аутоиммунном тиреоидите. Работа выполнена на CD4+Т-клетках, полученных от пациентов с АИТ и здоровых доноров методом магнитной сепарации. Для оценки программируемой клеточной гибели I и II типа использовали метод проточной цитометрии. Для анализа белков-маркеров аутофагии – p62, LC3I/II, киназы mTOR и регулятора апоптоза Bcl-2 в CD4+Тлимфоцитах пациентов и здоровых доноров использовали вестерн-блоттинг. Состояние митохондрий в CD4+Т-лимфоцитах оценивали методом конфокальной микроскопии. На экспериментальной модели в условиях возрастания перекиси Н2О2 мы показали, что АФК активируют LC3-белок в клетках пациентов с АИТ и накапливается аутофагический белок-адаптер р62, который регистрируется на внешней митохондриальной мембране. Установлен повышенный уровень митофагосов в CD4+Т-клетках пациентов с АИТ. На основе полученных данных можно предположить, что Н2О2 вызывает активацию митофагии в CD4+T-лимфоцитах пациентов с АИТ, а развитие ОС при избыточной продукции АФК приводит к необратимым повреждениям митохондрий, которые приводят к снижению апоптотической активности и, как следствие, развитию вторичного некроза CD4+Т-лимфоцитов при АИТ, делая их цитотоксическими. Накопление таких клеток в ткани ЩЖ может приводить к нарушению апоптоза в тироцитах и, как следствие, ко вторичному некрозу. Результат – развитие аутоиммунного ответа. Полученные данные требуют дополнительных исследований, т. к. выявление в крови пациентов с АИТ CD4+Т-лимфоцитов, склонных к апоптозу или к некрозу, может использоваться как диагностический критерий прогноза воспалительного процесса.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Currentstudies of autoimmunityprocesses areaddressing specific processes involving mitochondria, i.e., altered intracellular signaling including the generation of ROS and release of proteins from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, thus activating apoptosis. These functions of mitochondria are usually associated with disturbed bioenergetic functions and excessive production of H2O2. Currently, a new area is actively developing, i.e., potential participation of mitochondria in the immune response. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the dynamics of apoptosis factors and autophagy associated with mitochondria of CD4+T cells in autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). The study was performed with CD4+T cells of AIT patients and healthy donors obtained by magnetic separation. Apoptosis and autophagy were assessed by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to analyze autophagy marker proteins (p62, LC3I/II, mTOR kinase), and apo ptosis regulator Bcl-2 in CD4+T lymphocytes of the patients and donors. The state of mitochondria in CD4+T lymphocytes was assessed by confocal microscopy. Using an experimental model with increased H2O2, we showed that ROS activate LC3 protein in cells of patients with AIT along with accumulation of autophagic adapter protein p62, as registered on the outer mitochondrial membrane. An increased level of mitophagoses was found in CD4+T cells from the AIT patients. On the basis of these data, one may assume that H2O2 causes activation of mitophagy in CD4+T cells of patients with AIT, and the development of oxidative stress with excessive production of ROS leads to irreversible damage to mitochondria, which causes a decreased apoptotic activity followed by development of secondary necrosis of CD4+T lymphocytes in AIT, making them cytotoxic. Accumulation of such cells in the thyroid tissue may lead to impaired apoptosis in thyrocytes and, as a consequence, to secondary necrosis, thus resulting in development of autoimmune response. The obtained data require additional studies, since the detection of CD4+T lymphocytes prone for apoptosis or necrosis in patients with AIT may be used as a diagnostic criterion for prediction of inflammatory conditions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>окислительный стресс</kwd><kwd>mTOR</kwd><kwd>CD4+Т-лимфоцит</kwd><kwd>митофагия</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунном тиреоидит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>mTOR</kwd><kwd>CD4+T lymphocyte</kwd><kwd>mitophagy</kwd><kwd>autoimmune thyroiditis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект № 23-25-00443).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Архипов С.А., Шкурупий В.А., Зайковская М.В., Ахраменко Е.С., Ильин Д.А. Разнонаправленные эффекты Н2О2 на макрофаги и фибробласты в условиях моделирования окислительного стресса in vitro // Современные наукоемкие технологии, 2010. № 8. С. 76-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arkhipov S.A., Shkurupiy V.A., Zaikovskaya M.V., Akhramenko E.S., Ilyin D.A. Multidirectional effects of H2O2 on macrophages and fibroblasts under conditions of in vitro oxidative stress modeling. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii = Modern High-Tech Technologies, 2010, no. 8, pp. 76-77. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бра М., Квинан Б., Сузин С.А. Митохондрии в программированной гибели клетки: различные механизмы гибели (обзор) // Биохимия, 2005. Т. 70, № 2. С. 284-293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bra M., Kvinan B., Suzin S.A. Mitochondria in programmed cell death: various mechanisms of death (review). Biokhimiya = Biochemistry, 2005, Vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 284-293. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буданов А.В. Роль сестринов в регуляции клеточного ответа на стресс // Успехи современной биологии, 2022. Т. 142, № 1. С. 5-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Budanov A.V. The role of sestrins in the regulation of the cellular response to stress. Uspekhi sovremennoy biologii = Biology Bulletin Reviews, 2022, Vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 5-24. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буданов А.В. Роль сестринов в регуляции клеточного ответа на стресс // Успехи современной биологии, 2022. Т. 142, № 1. С. 5-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Budanov A.V. The role of sestrins in the regulation of cellular response to stress. Uspekhi sovremennoy biologii = Biology Bulletin Reviews, 2022, Vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 5-24. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вольпе Р. Болезни щитовидной железы / Под ред. Л.И. Бравермана: Пер. с англ. М.: Медицина, 2010. С. 140-172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volpe R. Diseases of the thyroid gland / Ed. L.I. Braverman: Trans. from English]. Moscow: Meditsina, 2010. pp. 140-172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гамалей И.А., Клюбин И.В. Перекись водорода как сигнальная молекула // Цитология, 1996. Т. 38, № 12. С. 1233-1247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gamalei I.A., Klubin I.V. Hydrogen peroxide as a signaling molecule. Tsitologiya = Tsitologiya, 1996, Vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 1233-1247. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жукова С.И., Каннер И.Д., Мамонтова Т.М., Шеломенцева Е.М., Максимов М.Л. Роль Т-регуляторных клеток в аутоиммунном тиреоидите // Медицинский совет, 2020. № 21. С. 152-159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukova S.I., Kanner I.D., Mamontova T.M., Shelomentseva E.M., Maksimov M.L. The role of T-regulatory cells in autoimmune thyroiditis. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, 2020, no. 21, pp. 152-159. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зенков Н.К., Чечушков А.В., Кожин П.М., Мартинович Г.Г., Кандалинцева Н.В., Меньщикова Е.Б. Аутофагия как механизм защиты при окислительном стрессе // Бюллетень сибирской медицины, 2019. Т. 18, № 2. С. 195-214.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zenkov N.K., Chechushkov A.V., Kozhin P.M., Martinovich G.G., Kandalintseva N.V., Menshchikova E.B. Autophagy as a mechanism of protection under oxidative stress. Byulleten sibirskoy meditsiny = Bulletin of Siberian Medicine, 2019, Vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 195-214. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кандрор В.И. Аутоиммунные заболевания щитовидной железы и апоптоз // Проблемы эндокринологии, 2002. Т.48, № 1. С. 45-48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kandror V.I. Autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland and apoptosis. Problemy endokrinologii = Problems of Endocrinology, 2002, Vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 45-48. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кормош Н.Г. Физиологическая роль активных форм кислорода (субклеточный уровень) – взгляд клинициста // Российский биотерапевтический журнал, 2011. Т. 10, № 4. С. 29-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kormosh N.G. The physiological role of reactive oxygen species (subcellular level) – a clinician’s view. Rossiyskiy bioterapevticheskiy zhurnal = Russian Biotherapeutic Journal, 2011, Vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 29-35. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нуралиева Н.Ф., Юкина М.Ю., Трошина Е.А. Основы иммунопатогенеза аутоиммунных тиреопатий и сахарного диабета 1 типа // Доктор. Ру, 2019. № 4 (159). С. 49-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nuralieva N.F., Yukina M.Yu., Troshina E.A. Fundamentals of immunopathogenesis of autoimmune thyropathies and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Doktor.Ru = Doctor.Ru, 2019, no. 4 (159), pp. 49-53. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потапнев М.П. Апоптоз клеток иммунной системы и его регуляция цитокинами // Иммунология, 2002. Т. 23, № 4. С. 237-243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potapnev M.P. Apoptosis of immune system cells and its regulation by cytokines. Immunologiya = Immunologiya, 2002, Vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 237-243. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыбакова А.А., Платонова Н.М., Трошина Е.А. Оксидативный стресс и его роль в развитии аутоиммунных заболеваний щитовидной железы // Проблемы эндокринологии, 2019. Т. 65, № 6. С. 451-457.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rybakova A.A., Platonova N.M., Troshina E.A. Oxidative stress and its role in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Problemy endokrinologii = Problems of Endocrinology, 2019, Vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 451-457. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трошина Е.А. Хронический аутоиммунный тиреоидит – «сигнальное заболевание» в составе мультиорганного аутоиммунного синдрома // Проблемы эндокринологии, 2023. Т. 69, № 4. С. 4-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troshina E.A. Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis – a “signal disease” as part of a multiorgan autoimmune syndrome. Problemy endokrinologii = Problems of Endocrinology, 2023, Vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 4-10. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тюкавин А.И., Сучков С.В. Молекулярные механизмы функционирования клетки в норме и патологии // Формулы Фармации, 2022. Т. 4, № 4. C. 26-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyukavin A.I., Suchkov S.V. Molecular mechanisms of cell functioning in norm and pathology. Formuly Farmatsii = Formulas of Pharmacy, 2022, Vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 26-40. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уразова О.И., Кравец Е.Б., Новицкий В.В., Рогалева А.В., Будкина Т.Е., Синюкова О.А., Недосекова Ю.В., Кузнецова В.Н. Апоптоз лимфоцитов крови у больных аутоиммунными тиреопатиями // Медицинская иммунология, 2008. Т. 10, № 2-3. С. 187-192. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2008-2-3-187-192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urazova O.I., Kravets E.B., Novitsky V.V., Rogaleva A.V., Budkina T.E., Sinyukova O.A., Nedosekova Yu.V., Kuznetsova V.N. Apoptosis of blood lymphocytes in patients with autoimmune thyropathies. Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2008, Vol. 10, no. 2-3, pp. 187-192. (In Russ.) doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2008-2-3-187-192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фрейдлин И.С., Маммедова Д.Т., Старикова Э.А. Роль аутофагии при инфекциях // Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова, 2019. Т. 105, № 12. С. 1486-1501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freidlin I.S., Mammadova D.T., Starikova E.A. The role of autophagy in infections. Rossiyskiy fiziologicheskiy zhurnal im. I.M. Sechenova = Russian Journal of Physiology, 2019, Vol. 105, no. 12, pp. 1486-1501. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Часовских Н.Ю., Рязанцева Н.В., Новицкий В.В. Апоптоз и окислительный стресс. Томск: Печатная мануфактура, 2009. 148 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chasovskikh N.Yu., Ryazantseva N.V., Novitsky V.V. Apoptosis and oxidative stress]. Tomsk: Pechatnaya manufaktura, 2009. 148 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ates I., Arikan M.F., Altay M., Yilmaz F.M., Yilmaz N., Berker D., Guler S. The effect of oxidative stress on the progression of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Arch. Physiol. Biochem., 2018, Vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 351-356.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ates I., Arikan M.F., Altay M., Yilmaz F.M., Yilmaz N., Berker D., Guler S. The effect of oxidative stress on the progression of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Arch. Physiol. Biochem., 2018, Vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 351-356.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bermann M., Magee M., Koenig R.J., Kaplan M.M., Arscott P., Maastricht J., Johnson J., Baker J.R. Differential autoantibody responses to thyroid peroxidase in patients with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1993, Vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 1098-1101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bermann M., Magee M., Koenig R.J., Kaplan M.M., Arscott P., Maastricht J., Johnson J., Baker J.R. Differential autoantibody responses to thyroid peroxidase in patients with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1993, Vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 1098-1101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bjørkøy G., Lamark T., Brech A., Outzen H., Perander M., Øvervatn A., Stenmark H., Johansen T. p62/ SQSTM1 forms protein aggregates degraded by autophagy and has a protective effect on huntingtin-induced cell death. J. Cell Biol., 2005, Vol. 171, no. 4, pp. 603-614.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bjørkøy G., Lamark T., Brech A., Outzen H., Perander M., Øvervatn A., Stenmark H., Johansen T. p62/ SQSTM1 forms protein aggregates degraded by autophagy and has a protective effect on huntingtin-induced cell death. J. Cell Biol., 2005, Vol. 171, no. 4, pp. 603-614.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Czabotar P.E., Lessene G., Strasser A., Adams J.M. Control of apoptosis by the BCL-2 protein family: implications for physiology and therapy. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2014, Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 49-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Czabotar P.E., Lessene G., Strasser A., Adams J.M. Control of apoptosis by the BCL-2 protein family: implications for physiology and therapy. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2014, Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 49-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Filomeni G., De Zio D., Cecconi F. Oxidative stress and autophagy: the clash between damage and metabolic needs. Cell Death Differ. 2015, Vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 377-388.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filomeni G., De Zio D., Cecconi F. Oxidative stress and autophagy: the clash between damage and metabolic needs. Cell Death Differ. 2015, Vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 377-388.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green D.R. The end and after: how dying cells impact the living organism. Immunity, 2011, Vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 441-444.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green D.R. The end and after: how dying cells impact the living organism. Immunity, 2011, Vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 441-444.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hailey D.W., Rambold A.S. Mitochondria supply membranes for autophagosome biogenesis during starvation. Cell, 2010, Vol. 141, no. 4, pp. 656-667.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hailey D.W., Rambold A.S. Mitochondria supply membranes for autophagosome biogenesis during starvation. Cell, 2010, Vol. 141, no. 4, pp. 656-667.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu H., Tian M., Ding C., Yu S. The C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) transcription factor functions in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and microbial infection. Front. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 9, 3083. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu H., Tian M., Ding C., Yu S. The C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) transcription factor functions in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and microbial infection. Front. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 9, 3083. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang P., Mizushima N. Autophagy and human diseases. Cell Res., 2014, Vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 69-79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang P., Mizushima N. Autophagy and human diseases. Cell Res., 2014, Vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 69-79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaminskyy V., Zhivotovsky B. Proteases in autophagy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2012, Vol. 1824, no. 1, pp. 44-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaminskyy V., Zhivotovsky B. Proteases in autophagy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2012, Vol. 1824, no. 1, pp. 44-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim I., Rodriguez-Enriquez S., Lemasters J.J. Selective degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2007, Vol. 462, no. 2, pp. 245-253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim I., Rodriguez-Enriquez S., Lemasters J.J. Selective degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2007, Vol. 462, no. 2, pp. 245-253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kochman J., Jakubczyk K., Bargiel P., Janda-Milczarek K. The influence of oxidative stress on thyroid diseases. Antioxidants, 2021, Vol. 10, no. 9, 1442. doi: 10.3390/antiox10091442.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kochman J., Jakubczyk K., Bargiel P., Janda-Milczarek K. The influence of oxidative stress on thyroid diseases. Antioxidants, 2021, Vol. 10, no. 9, 1442. doi: 10.3390/antiox10091442.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kroemer G., Reed J.С. Mitochondrial control of cell death. Nat. Med, 2000, Vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 513-519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kroemer G., Reed J.С. Mitochondrial control of cell death. Nat. Med, 2000, Vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 513-519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar A.V., Mills J., Lapierre L.R. Selective autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1, a pivotal player in stress and aging. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2022, Vol. 10, 793328. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.793328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar A.V., Mills J., Lapierre L.R. Selective autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1, a pivotal player in stress and aging. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2022, Vol. 10, 793328. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.793328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mizushima N. The role of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in autophagy regulation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 2010, Vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 132-139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mizushima N. The role of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in autophagy regulation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 2010, Vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 132-139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ornatowski W., Lu Q., Yegambaram M., Garcia A.E., Zemskov E.A., Maltepe E., Fineman J.R., Wang T., Black S.M. Complex interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress in the development of pulmonary disease. Redox Biol., 2020, Vol. 36, 101679. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101679.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ornatowski W., Lu Q., Yegambaram M., Garcia A.E., Zemskov E.A., Maltepe E., Fineman J.R., Wang T., Black S.M. Complex interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress in the development of pulmonary disease. Redox Biol., 2020, Vol. 36, 101679. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101679.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palazzo F.F., Hammond L.J., Goode A.W., Mirakian R. Death of the autoimmune thyrocyte: is it pushed or does it jump? Thyroid, 2000, Vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 561-572.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palazzo F.F., Hammond L.J., Goode A.W., Mirakian R. Death of the autoimmune thyrocyte: is it pushed or does it jump? Thyroid, 2000, Vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 561-572.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peter C., Wesselborg S., Herrmann M., Lauber K. Dangerous attraction: phagocyte recruitment and danger signals of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Apoptosis, 2010, Vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1007-1028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peter C., Wesselborg S., Herrmann M., Lauber K. Dangerous attraction: phagocyte recruitment and danger signals of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Apoptosis, 2010, Vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1007-1028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pohl S.Ö., Agostino M., Dharmarajan A., Pervaiz S. Cross talk between cellular redox state and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Antioxid. Redox Signal., 2018, Vol. 29, no. 13, pp. 1215-1236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pohl S.Ö., Agostino M., Dharmarajan A., Pervaiz S. Cross talk between cellular redox state and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Antioxid. Redox Signal., 2018, Vol. 29, no. 13, pp. 1215-1236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pua H.H., Guo J., Komatsu M., He Y.W. Autophagy is essential for mitochondrial clearance in mature T lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 2009, Vol. 182, no. 7, pp. 4046-4055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pua H.H., Guo J., Komatsu M., He Y.W. Autophagy is essential for mitochondrial clearance in mature T lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 2009, Vol. 182, no. 7, pp. 4046-4055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pyzik A., Grywalska E., Matyjaszek-Matuszek B., Roliński J. Immune disorders in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: what do we know so far? J. Immunol. Res., 2015, Vol. 2015, no. 1, 979167. doi: 10.1155/2015/979167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pyzik A., Grywalska E., Matyjaszek-Matuszek B., Roliński J. Immune disorders in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: what do we know so far? J. Immunol. Res., 2015, Vol. 2015, no. 1, 979167. doi: 10.1155/2015/979167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rambold A.S., Lippincott-Schwartz J. Mechanisms of mitochondria and autophagy crosstalk. Cell Cycle, 2011, Vol. 10, no. 23, pp. 4032-4038.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rambold A.S., Lippincott-Schwartz J. Mechanisms of mitochondria and autophagy crosstalk. Cell Cycle, 2011, Vol. 10, no. 23, pp. 4032-4038.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reth M. Hydrogen peroxide as second messenger in lymphocyte activation. Nat. Immunol., 2002, Vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1129-1134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reth M. Hydrogen peroxide as second messenger in lymphocyte activation. Nat. Immunol., 2002, Vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1129-1134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roth S., Dröge W. Regulation of T-cell activation and T-cell growth factor (TCGF) production by hydrogen peroxide. Cell. Immunol., 1987, Vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 417-424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roth S., Dröge W. Regulation of T-cell activation and T-cell growth factor (TCGF) production by hydrogen peroxide. Cell. Immunol., 1987, Vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 417-424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruggeri R.M., Campennì A., Giuffrida G., Casciaro M., Barbalace M.C., Hrelia S., Trimarchi F., Cannavò S., Gangemi S. Oxidative stress as a key feature of autoimmune thyroiditis: an update. Minerva Endocrinol., 2020, Vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 326-344.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruggeri R.M., Campennì A., Giuffrida G., Casciaro M., Barbalace M.C., Hrelia S., Trimarchi F., Cannavò S., Gangemi S. Oxidative stress as a key feature of autoimmune thyroiditis: an update. Minerva Endocrinol., 2020, Vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 326-344.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rui Y.N., Le W. Selective role of autophagy in neuronal function and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci. Bull., 2015, Vol. 31, no. 4, 379-381.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rui Y.N., Le W. Selective role of autophagy in neuronal function and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci. Bull., 2015, Vol. 31, no. 4, 379-381.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saeki K., Yuo A., Okuma E., Yazaki Y., Susin S.A., Kroemer G., Takaku F. Bcl-2 down-regulation causes autophagy in a caspase-independent manner in human leukemic HL60 cells. Cell Death Differ., 2000, Vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1263-1269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saeki K., Yuo A., Okuma E., Yazaki Y., Susin S.A., Kroemer G., Takaku F. Bcl-2 down-regulation causes autophagy in a caspase-independent manner in human leukemic HL60 cells. Cell Death Differ., 2000, Vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1263-1269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santaguida M.G., Gatto I., Mangino G., Virili C., Stramazzo I., Fallahi P., Antonelli A., Segni M., Romeo G., Centanni M. BREG cells in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis isolated or associated to further organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Clin. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 184, pp. 42-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santaguida M.G., Gatto I., Mangino G., Virili C., Stramazzo I., Fallahi P., Antonelli A., Segni M., Romeo G., Centanni M. BREG cells in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis isolated or associated to further organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Clin. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 184, pp. 42-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seong S.Y., Matzinger P. Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2004, Vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 469-478.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seong S.Y., Matzinger P. Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2004, Vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 469-478.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sies H. Strategies of antioxidant defense. Eur. J. Biochem., 1993, Vol. 215. no. 2, pp. 213-219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sies H. Strategies of antioxidant defense. Eur. J. Biochem., 1993, Vol. 215. no. 2, pp. 213-219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh R., Letai A., Sarosiek K. Regulation of apoptosis in health and disease: the balancing act of BCL-2 family proteins. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2019, Vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 175-193.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh R., Letai A., Sarosiek K. Regulation of apoptosis in health and disease: the balancing act of BCL-2 family proteins. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2019, Vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 175-193.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stone J.R., Collins T. The role of hydrogen peroxide in endothelial proliferative responses. Endothelium, 2002, Vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 231-238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stone J.R., Collins T. The role of hydrogen peroxide in endothelial proliferative responses. Endothelium, 2002, Vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 231-238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Parijs L., Biuckians A., Abbas A.K. Functional roles of Fas and Bcl-2-regulated apoptosis of T lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 1998, Vol. 160, no. 5, pp. 2065-2071.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Parijs L., Biuckians A., Abbas A.K. Functional roles of Fas and Bcl-2-regulated apoptosis of T lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 1998, Vol. 160, no. 5, pp. 2065-2071.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walsh C.M., Edinger A.L. The complex interplay between autophagy, apoptosis, and necrotic signals promotes T-cell homeostasis. Immunol. Rev., 2010, Vol. 236, no. 1, pp. 95-109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walsh C.M., Edinger A.L. The complex interplay between autophagy, apoptosis, and necrotic signals promotes T-cell homeostasis. Immunol. Rev., 2010, Vol. 236, no. 1, pp. 95-109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weichhart T. mTOR as regulator of lifespan, aging, and cellular senescence: a mini-review. Gerontology, 2018, Vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 127-134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weichhart T. mTOR as regulator of lifespan, aging, and cellular senescence: a mini-review. Gerontology, 2018, Vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 127-134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zitvogel L., Kepp O., Kroemer G. Decoding cell death signals in inflammation and immunity. Cell, 2010, Vol. 140, no. 6, pp. 798-804.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zitvogel L., Kepp O., Kroemer G. Decoding cell death signals in inflammation and immunity. Cell, 2010, Vol. 140, no. 6, pp. 798-804.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
