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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-IVE-3023</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-3023</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние экзометаболитов палеобактерий рода Bacillus из многолетнемерзлых пород на механизмы формирования иммунного ответа in vitro</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>In vitro effects of paleobacteria exometabolites from permafrost soils on development of immune response</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-2299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pwetrov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник отдела биоресурсов криосферы </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Chief Researcher, Department of Cryosphere Bioresources</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tumiki@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-6520</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каленова</surname><given-names>Л. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalyonova</surname><given-names>L. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., главный научный сотрудник отдела биоресурсов криосферы </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Chief Researcher, Department of Cryosphere</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lkalenova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-2220</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суховей</surname><given-names>Ю. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhovey</surname><given-names>Yu. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник отдела биоресурсов криосферы </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Chief Researcher, Department of Cryosphere Bioresources</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i_yura62@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костоломова</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostolomova</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., ассистент кафедры микробиологии </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lenakost@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-0232</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бажин</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazhin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник отдела биоресурсов криосферы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Cryosphere Bioresources</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aleksandrbazhin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3845-9066</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нарушко</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Narushko</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник отдела биоресурсов криосферы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Cryosphere Bioresources</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mvnarusko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Тюменский научный центр» Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Тюменский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tyumen State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1259</fpage><lpage>1270</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Петров С.А., Каленова Л.Ф., Суховей Ю.Г., Костоломова Е.Г., Бажин А.С., Нарушко М.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Петров С.А., Каленова Л.Ф., Суховей Ю.Г., Костоломова Е.Г., Бажин А.С., Нарушко М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pwetrov S.A., Kalyonova L.F., Sukhovey Y.G., Kostolomova E.G., Bazhin A.S., Narushko M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3023">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/3023</self-uri><abstract><p>Изучено влияние метаболитов палеобактерий Bacillus cereus штамма 875 TS из многолетнемерзлых пород плейстоцен-голоценового периода на механизмы и направленность формирования иммунного ответа в культуре мононуклеарных клеток периферической крови человека in vitro. Установлено, что экзометаболиты палеобактерий значимо активируют дифференцировку моноцитов в субпопуляции промежуточных (CD14+CD16+) и неклассических (CD14loCD16+) моноцитов, эффекторных CD4+ и CD8+Т-лимфоцитов со сменой маркеров ранней (CD69), средней (CD25) и поздней (HLA-DR) активации, дифференцировку Treg (CD3+CD4+CD25hiCD127-), а также стимулируют синтез цитокинов IFNγ и IL-4 относительно контрольных уровней. К особенностям влияния экзометаболитов палеобактерий можно отнести зависимость иммуномодулирующей активности от способа их получения – «холодовые» (получены от бактерий при их культивировании при 5 °С), «среднетемпературные» (22 °С) и «тепловые» (37 °С) метаболиты. «Холодовые» метаболиты стимулируют преимущественно механизмы иммунного ответа с провоспалительной активностью, а именно – дифференцировку промежуточных CD14+CD16+ моноцитов, увеличение активности дифференцировки CD8+Т-лимфоцитов и синтеза IFNγ. «Тепловые» метаболиты стимулируют преимущественно механизмы иммунного ответа с противовоспалительной активностью, а именно дифференцировку неклассических CD14loCD16+ моноцитов, увеличение активности дифференцировки CD4+Т-лимфоцитов и секреции IL-4. Также к отличительной особенности можно отнести соотношение про- и противовоспалительных механизмов между собой, которые не зависят от вида экзометаболитов. Так, первые 3 суток культивирования клеток активность дифференцировки CD8+Т-лимфоцитов превалирует над дифференцировкой CD4+Т-лимфоцитов, а уровень секреции IFNγ превышает уровень IL-4. На 3-и сутки происходит значимое повышение уровня Treg, что сопровождается тенденцией к нормализации баланса между IFNγ(Th1) и IL-4(Th2) к 7-м суткам. Прослеживается четкое влияние Treg (CD3+CD4+CD25hiCD127-) на силу и продолжительность иммунного ответа. Повышение уровня Тreg происходит умеренно и кратковременно, что, с одной стороны, препятствует чрезмерному развитию провоспалительных механизмов, с другой – не приводит к развитию длительной иммуносупрессии. Повышение на 1-3-и сутки уровня Treg сопровождается снижением активности дифференцировки моноцитов в субпопуляции и синтеза провоспалительного цитокина IFNγ. Учитывая, что одной из главных функций индуцированных Тreg является подавление системных воспалительных, аутоиммунных и аллергических заболеваний, повышение их активности под влиянием экзометаболитов палеобактерий Bacillus cereus штамма 875 TS может служить основой для разработки новых биопрепаратов для лечения широкого круга заболеваний.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>We have tested the effects of metabolites from paleobacteria Bacillus cereus, strain 875 TS, from Pleistocene-Holocene permafrost rocks aiming to assess the mechanisms and features of in vitro immune response in the culture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It was found that paleobacterial exometabolites significantly activate monocyte differentiation into subpopulations of intermediate (CD14+CD16+) and non-classical (CD14loCD16+) monocytes, effector CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocytes, with changes of early (CD69), intermediate (CD25) and late (HLA-DR) activation markers, Treg differentiation (CD3+CD4+CD25hiCD127-). These metabolites also stimulated the synthesis of IFNγ and IL-4 cytokines as compared with control levels. The differential influence of paleobacterial exometabolites upon immunomodulatory activity depended on temperature regimen of their production, i.e., “cold” (obtained from bacteria during their cultivation at 5 °C), “medium-temperature” (22 °C) and “heat” (37 °C) regimens. “Cold” metabolites stimulate predominantly the immune response mechanisms with proinflammatory activity, i.e., differentiation of intermediate CD14+CD16+ monocytes, increased differentiation activity of CD8+T lymphocytes, and synthesis of IFNγ. “Warm” metabolites stimulate mostly the immune response mechanisms with anti-inflammatory activity, namely, differentiation of non-classical CD14loCD16+ monocytes, increased differentiation activity of CD4+T lymphocytes and secretion of IL-4. Another distinctive feature is the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, which does not depend on the type of exometabolites. Thus, during the first three days of cell cultivation, the differentiation activity of CD8+T lymphocytes prevails over the differentiation of CD4+T lymphocytes, and the level of IFNγ secretion exceeds the IL-4 amounts. On the third day, there is a significant increase in the Treg level, which is accompanied by a tendency to normalize the balance between IFNγ (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2) by the seventh day. We have observed a clear effect of Treg (CD3+CD4+CD25hiCD127-) on the strength and duration of the immune response. The increase in Treg levels occurs moderately and transiently, which, on the one hand, prevents the excessive development of proinflammatory mechanisms, and on the other hand, does not lead to the development of long-term immune suppression. An increase in the Treg level on days 1-3 is accompanied by a decreased activity of monocyte differentiation into the subsets and the synthesis of proinflammatory IFNγ cytokine. Considering that one of the main functions of induced Treg is the suppression of systemic inflammatory, autoimmune and allergic diseases, increase in their activity under the influence of exometabolites of paleobacteria Bacillus cereus strain 875 TS may serve as a basis for the development of new biopreparations for treatment of a wide range of diseases.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>палеобактерии</kwd><kwd>метаболиты</kwd><kwd>моноциты</kwd><kwd>Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>субпопуляции</kwd><kwd>Treg</kwd><kwd>IFNγ</kwd><kwd>IL-4</kwd><kwd>Bacillus cereus</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>paleobacteria</kwd><kwd>metabolites</kwd><kwd>monocytes</kwd><kwd>T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>subpopulations</kwd><kwd>Treg</kwd><kwd>IFNγ</kwd><kwd>IL-4</kwd><kwd>Bacillus cereus</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследования выполнялись в рамках Государственного задания на 2021-2030 годы: «Пространственно-временные явления и процессы, происходящие в водах и суши Сибири в условиях современного техногенеза и изменения климата» (приоритетное направление 1.5.11, программа 1.5.11.1).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вахитов Т.Я., Петров Л.Н. 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