<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-VDA-2991</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2991</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Депривация VEGF влияет на экспрессию эндоглина в клетках трофобласта и естественных киллерах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>VEGF deprivation affects endoglin expression in trophoblast cells and natural killers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тыщук</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyshchuk</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тыщук Е.В. – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории межклеточных взаимодействий, отдел иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий </p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Менделеевская линия, 3.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tyshchuk E.V., Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Intercellular Interactions, Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions </p><p>3 Mendeleev Line St. Petersburg 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lisatyshchuk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Денисова Е.А. – сотрудник лаборатории межклеточных взаимодействий, отдел иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий </p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Менделеевская линия, 3.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denisova E.A., Researcher, Laboratory of Intercellular Interactions, Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions </p><p>3 Mendeleev Line St. Petersburg 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марко</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Marko</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марко О.Б. – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории межклеточных взаимодействий, отдел иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий </p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Менделеевская линия, 3.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marko O.B., Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Intercellular Interactions, Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions </p><p>3 Mendeleev Line St. Petersburg 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коган</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kogan</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коган И.Ю. – д.м.н., директор </p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Менделеевская линия, 3.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kogan I.Yu., PhD, MD (Medicine), Director </p><p>3 Mendeleev Line St. Petersburg 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сельков</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Selkov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сельков С.А. – д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, заведующий отделом иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий </p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Менделеевская линия, 3.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Selkov S.A., PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head, Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions </p><p>3 Mendeleev Line St. Petersburg 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколов</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соколов Д.И. – д.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник отдела иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий </p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Менделеевская линия, 3.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sokolov D.I., PhD, MD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Intercellular Interactions, Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions </p><p>3 Mendeleev Line St. Petersburg 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. Отта»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>D. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>1099</fpage><lpage>1110</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тыщук Е.В., Денисова Е.А., Марко О.Б., Коган И.Ю., Сельков С.А., Соколов Д.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тыщук Е.В., Денисова Е.А., Марко О.Б., Коган И.Ю., Сельков С.А., Соколов Д.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tyshchuk E.V., Denisova E.A., Marko O.B., Kogan I.Y., Selkov S.A., Sokolov D.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2991">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2991</self-uri><abstract><p>Белки семейства VEGF участвуют в развитии многих клеточных популяций: эндотелиальных клеток, моноцитов и макрофагов, стволовых клеток, опухолевых клеток, мышечных клеток стенок сосудов, клеток трофобласта и в целом любых клеток, экспрессирующих рецепторы к VEGF. Нарушения, затрагивающие продукцию белков VEGF и проведение сигналов от них, приводят ко многим патологическим состояниям, в том числе к аномалиям развития плаценты. Клетки трофобласта являются основной популяцией клеток, формирующей плаценту. Они вовлечены в процессы секреции и рецепции VEGF, фактора, необходимого для обеспечения ангиогенеза. Несмотря на это, на данный момент в литературе недостаточно данных о влиянии проведения сигналов от VEGF в клетках трофобласта на их функциональные особенности. Среди клеток окружения трофобласта, которые могут воздействовать на их активность в ходе беременности, особой группой являются материнские иммунные клетки, в частности NK-клетки. Принимая во внимание высокую численность NK-клеток в децидуальной оболочке, необходимо учитывать их вклад в изменение фенотипа клеток трофобласта. В настоящем исследовании изучалась экспрессия NK-клетками и клетками трофобласта белков MICA и MICB, а также рецептора CD105. Молекулы MICA и MICB являются маркерами стресса и позволяют судить о жизнеспособности клеток. Рецептор CD105 экспрессирован на поверхности некоторых популяций клеток и участвует в передаче сигнала от белков семейства TGF-β. В частности, показано, что эндоглин регулирует сигналинг от TGF-β путем направления сигнала через пути SMAD2/3 или SMAD1/5/8. Эндоглин, согласно литературе, ингибирует сигналинг, задействующий белок SMAD3. Играет ли эндоглин ту же роль в случае NK-клеток и трофобласта, неизвестно. Изучение изменений в экспрессии эндоглина является актуальной проблемой, поскольку сигналы от TGF-β необходимы при дифференцировке популяций трофобласта, а нарушения в механизмах сигналинга могут приводить к невынашиванию. В результате исследования мы показали, что VEGF играет роль в регуляции активности трофобласта и естественных киллеров. В частности, депривация VEGF-A моноклональными антителами против этого цитокина при сокультивировании трофобласта и NK-клеток приводит к угнетению экспрессии CD105 обеими популяциями клеток. При этом суточная инкубация трофобласта с антителами к VEGF не вызывала изменений в их устойчивости к цитотоксической активности естественных киллеров. Вместе полученные результаты говорят о том, что депривация VEGF приводит к значимым изменениям в рецепции белков семейства TGF-β клетками трофобласта и естественными киллерами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a group of proteins involved in differentiation of various cell types including endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, stem cells, tumor cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, trophoblast cells, and other cell populations that express VEGF receptors. Pathological conditions, such as abnormalities in placental development, can be caused by altered production and signaling of VEGFs. Trophoblast cells play a significant role in placental formation and are essential for angiogenesis due to their secretion and reception of VEGF. However, there is a lack of information in the literature regarding the influence of VEGF on functional characteristics of trophoblast cells. Maternal immune cells, particularly natural killer (NK) cells, have been shown to affect the activity of trophoblasts during pregnancy. Given the high abundance of NK cells in decidual tissue, it is important to evaluate their potential influence on phenotype of trophoblast cells. In this study, we investigated the expression of MICA, MICB, and CD105 proteins by NK cells and trophoblast cells. MICA and MICB are stress markers that allow us to assess cell viability. CD105 is a receptor expressed on the surface of various cell types. It plays a role in signal transmission from TGF-β family proteins. In particular, endoglin has been shown to regulate signaling from TGF-β by directing signals through the SMAD2/3 or SMAD1/5/8 pathways. According to the literature, endoglin inhibits the SMAD3- mediated signaling. However, similar effects of endoglin have not been confirmed for NK cells and trophoblasts. The studies of endoglin expression levels are of importance, since the signals from TGF-β are essential for differentiation of trophoblast cells. Disruption of TGF-β signaling can lead to pregnancy complications and miscarriage. We have demonstrated that VEGF plays a role in regulating the activity of trophoblasts and NK cells. In particular, treatment with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to VEGF-A was associated with reduced expression of CD105, a VEGF coreceptor, on trophoblasts and NK cells under co-culture conditions. However, pretreatment of trophoblasts with anti-VEGF antibodies did not alter their resistance to the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that inhibition of VEGF signaling results in significant changes in reception of TGF-β family proteins by trophoblasts and natural killer cells.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>antiVEGF</kwd><kwd>CD105</kwd><kwd>эндоглин</kwd><kwd>NK-клетки</kwd><kwd>трофобласт</kwd><kwd>TGF-β</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antiVEGF</kwd><kwd>CD105</kwd><kwd>endoglin</kwd><kwd>NK cells</kwd><kwd>trophoblasts</kwd><kwd>TGF-β</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was supported by the Fundamental Scientific Research project No. 122041500062-5, “Optimization of methods for predicting, preventing, and treating ‘large obstetric syndromes’ and delivery strategies for pregnant women in high-risk groups to improve obstetrical and perinatal outcomes”, conducted at the D. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ander S.E., Diamond M.S., Coyne C.B. Immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface. Sci. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 4, no. 31, eaat6114. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat6114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ander S.E., Diamond M.S., Coyne C.B. Immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface. Sci. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 4, no. 31, eaat6114. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat6114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apps R., Gardner L., Traherne J., Male V., Moffett A. Natural-killer cell ligands at the maternal-fetal interface: UL-16 binding proteins, MHC class-I chain related molecules, HLA-F and CD48. Hum. Reprod., 2008, Vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 2535-2548.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apps R., Gardner L., Traherne J., Male V., Moffett A. Natural-killer cell ligands at the maternal-fetal interface: UL-16 binding proteins, MHC class-I chain related molecules, HLA-F and CD48. Hum. Reprod., 2008, Vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 2535-2548.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apte R.S., Chen D.S., Ferrara N. VEGF in Signaling and Disease: Beyond Discovery and Development. Cell, 2019, Vol. 176, no. 6, pp. 1248-1264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apte R.S., Chen D.S., Ferrara N. VEGF in Signaling and Disease: Beyond Discovery and Development. Cell, 2019, Vol. 176, no. 6, pp. 1248-1264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cabrera-Sharp V., Read J.E., Richardson S., Kowalski A.A., Antczak D.F., Cartwright J.E., Mukherjee A., de Mestre A.M. SMAD1/5 signaling in the early equine placenta regulates trophoblast differentiation and chorionic gonadotropin secretion. Endocrinology, 2014, Vol. 155, no. 8, pp. 3054-3064.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cabrera-Sharp V., Read J.E., Richardson S., Kowalski A.A., Antczak D.F., Cartwright J.E., Mukherjee A., de Mestre A.M. SMAD1/5 signaling in the early equine placenta regulates trophoblast differentiation and chorionic gonadotropin secretion. Endocrinology, 2014, Vol. 155, no. 8, pp. 3054-3064.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen D.B., Zheng J. Regulation of placental angiogenesis. Microcirculation, 2014, Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 15-25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen D.B., Zheng J. Regulation of placental angiogenesis. Microcirculation, 2014, Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 15-25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen W.S., Kitson R.P., Goldfarb R.H. Modulation of human NK cell lines by vascular endothelial growth factor and receptor VEGFR-1 (FLT-1). In Vivo, 2002, Vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 439-445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen W.S., Kitson R.P., Goldfarb R.H. Modulation of human NK cell lines by vascular endothelial growth factor and receptor VEGFR-1 (FLT-1). In Vivo, 2002, Vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 439-445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark D.E., Smith S.K., He Y., Day K.A., Licence D.R., Corps A.N., Lammoglia R., Charnock-Jones D.S. A vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist is produced by the human placenta and released into the maternal circulation. Biol. Reprod., 1998, Vol.59, no. 6, pp. 1540-1548.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark D.E., Smith S.K., He Y., Day K.A., Licence D.R., Corps A.N., Lammoglia R., Charnock-Jones D.S. A vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist is produced by the human placenta and released into the maternal circulation. Biol. Reprod., 1998, Vol.59, no. 6, pp. 1540-1548.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark D.E., Smith S.K., Licence D., Evans A.L., Charnock-Jones D.S. Comparison of expression patterns for placenta growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-B and VEGF-C in the human placenta throughout gestation. J. Endocrinol., 1998, Vol.159, no. 3, pp. 459-467.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark D.E., Smith S.K., Licence D., Evans A.L., Charnock-Jones D.S. Comparison of expression patterns for placenta growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-B and VEGF-C in the human placenta throughout gestation. J. Endocrinol., 1998, Vol.159, no. 3, pp. 459-467.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eidukaite A., Siaurys A., Tamosiunas V. Differential expression of KIR/NKAT2 and CD94 molecules on decidual and peripheral blood CD56bright and CD56dim natural killer cell subsets. Fertil. Steril., 2004, Vol. 81 Suppl. 1, pp. 863-868.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eidukaite A., Siaurys A., Tamosiunas V. Differential expression of KIR/NKAT2 and CD94 molecules on decidual and peripheral blood CD56bright and CD56dim natural killer cell subsets. Fertil. Steril., 2004, Vol. 81 Suppl. 1, pp. 863-868.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitzpatrick T.E., Lash G.E., Yanaihara A., Charnock-Jones D.S., Macdonald-Goodfellow S.K.,Graham C.H. Inhibition of breast carcinoma and trophoblast cell invasiveness by vascular endothelial growth factor. Exp. Cell Res., 2003, Vol. 283, no. 2, pp. 247-255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitzpatrick T.E., Lash G.E., Yanaihara A., Charnock-Jones D.S., Macdonald-Goodfellow S.K.,Graham C.H. Inhibition of breast carcinoma and trophoblast cell invasiveness by vascular endothelial growth factor. Exp. Cell Res., 2003, Vol. 283, no. 2, pp. 247-255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fong G.H., Rossant J., Gertsenstein M., Breitman M.L. Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium. Nature, 1995, Vol. 376, no. 6535, pp. 66-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fong G.H., Rossant J., Gertsenstein M., Breitman M.L. Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium. Nature, 1995, Vol. 376, no. 6535, pp. 66-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia J., Hurwitz H.I., Sandler A.B., Miles D., Coleman R.L., Deurloo R., Chinot O.L. Bevacizumab (Avastin®) in cancer treatment: A review of 15 years of clinical experience and future outlook. Cancer Treat. Rev., 2020, Vol. 86, 102017. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia J., Hurwitz H.I., Sandler A.B., Miles D., Coleman R.L., Deurloo R., Chinot O.L. Bevacizumab (Avastin®) in cancer treatment: A review of 15 years of clinical experience and future outlook. Cancer Treat. Rev., 2020, Vol. 86, 102017. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gong J.H., Maki G., Klingemann H.G. Characterization of a human cell line (NK-92) with phenotypical and functional characteristics of activated natural killer cells. Leukemia, 1994, Vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 652-658.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gong J.H., Maki G., Klingemann H.G. Characterization of a human cell line (NK-92) with phenotypical and functional characteristics of activated natural killer cells. Leukemia, 1994, Vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 652-658.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo B., Slevin M., Li C., Parameshwar S., Liu D., Kumar P., Bernabeu C., Kumar S. CD105 inhibits transforming growth factor-beta-Smad3 signalling. Anticancer Res., 2004, Vol.24, no. 3a, pp. 1337-1345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo B., Slevin M., Li C., Parameshwar S., Liu D., Kumar P., Bernabeu C., Kumar S. CD105 inhibits transforming growth factor-beta-Smad3 signalling. Anticancer Res., 2004, Vol.24, no. 3a, pp. 1337-1345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haider S., Lackner A.I., Dietrich B., Kunihs V., Haslinger P., Meinhardt G., Maxian T., Saleh L., Fiala C., Pollheimer J., Latos P.A., Knofler M. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling governs the differentiation program of extravillous trophoblasts in the developing human placenta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 2022, Vol. 119, no. 28, e2120667119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2120667119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haider S., Lackner A.I., Dietrich B., Kunihs V., Haslinger P., Meinhardt G., Maxian T., Saleh L., Fiala C., Pollheimer J., Latos P.A., Knofler M. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling governs the differentiation program of extravillous trophoblasts in the developing human placenta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 2022, Vol. 119, no. 28, e2120667119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2120667119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurwitz H.I., Fehrenbacher L., Hainsworth J.D., Heim W., Berlin J., Holmgren E., Hambleton J., Novotny W.F., Kabbinavar F. Bevacizumab in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin: an active regimen for first-line metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2005, Vol. 23, no. 15, pp. 3502-3508.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurwitz H.I., Fehrenbacher L., Hainsworth J.D., Heim W., Berlin J., Holmgren E., Hambleton J., Novotny W.F., Kabbinavar F. Bevacizumab in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin: an active regimen for first-line metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2005, Vol. 23, no. 15, pp. 3502-3508.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ito N., Wernstedt C., Engstrom U., Claesson-Welsh L. Identification of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 tyrosine phosphorylation sites and binding of SH2 domain-containing molecules. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, Vol. 273, no. 36, pp. 23410-23418.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ito N., Wernstedt C., Engstrom U., Claesson-Welsh L. Identification of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 tyrosine phosphorylation sites and binding of SH2 domain-containing molecules. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, Vol. 273, no. 36, pp. 23410-23418.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson M.R., Carney E.W., Lye S.J., Ritchie J.W. Localization of two angiogenic growth factors (PDECGF and VEGF) in human placentae throughout gestation. Placenta, 1994, Vol.15, no. 4, pp. 341-353.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson M.R., Carney E.W., Lye S.J., Ritchie J.W. Localization of two angiogenic growth factors (PDECGF and VEGF) in human placentae throughout gestation. Placenta, 1994, Vol.15, no. 4, pp. 341-353.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin X., Mao L., Zhao W., Liu L., Li Y., Li D., Zhang Y., Du M. Decidualization-derived cAMP promotes decidual NK cells to be angiogenic phenotype. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 2022, Vol.88, no. 3, e13540. doi: 10.1111/aji.13540.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin X., Mao L., Zhao W., Liu L., Li Y., Li D., Zhang Y., Du M. Decidualization-derived cAMP promotes decidual NK cells to be angiogenic phenotype. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 2022, Vol.88, no. 3, e13540. doi: 10.1111/aji.13540.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kendall R.L., Wang G., Thomas K.A. Identification of a natural soluble form of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, FLT-1, and its heterodimerization with KDR. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996, Vol. 226, no. 2, pp. 324-328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kendall R.L., Wang G., Thomas K.A. Identification of a natural soluble form of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, FLT-1, and its heterodimerization with KDR. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996, Vol. 226, no. 2, pp. 324-328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kohler P.O., Bridson W.E. Isolation of hormone-producing clonal lines of human choriocarcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1971, Vol.32, no. 5, pp. 683-687.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kohler P.O., Bridson W.E. Isolation of hormone-producing clonal lines of human choriocarcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1971, Vol.32, no. 5, pp. 683-687.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laakkonen J.P., Lahteenvuo J., Jauhiainen S., Heikura T., Yla-Herttuala S. Beyond endothelial cells: Vascular endothelial growth factors in heart, vascular anomalies and placenta. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2019, Vol. 112, pp. 91-101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laakkonen J.P., Lahteenvuo J., Jauhiainen S., Heikura T., Yla-Herttuala S. Beyond endothelial cells: Vascular endothelial growth factors in heart, vascular anomalies and placenta. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2019, Vol. 112, pp. 91-101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lebrin F., Goumans M.J., Jonker L., Carvalho R.L., Valdimarsdottir G., Thorikay M., Mummery C., Arthur H.M., ten Dijke P. Endoglin promotes endothelial cell proliferation and TGF-beta/ALK1 signal transduction. EMBO J., 2004, Vol. 23, no. 20, pp. 4018-4028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebrin F., Goumans M.J., Jonker L., Carvalho R.L., Valdimarsdottir G., Thorikay M., Mummery C., Arthur H.M., ten Dijke P. Endoglin promotes endothelial cell proliferation and TGF-beta/ALK1 signal transduction. EMBO J., 2004, Vol. 23, no. 20, pp. 4018-4028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li D.Y., Sorensen L.K., Brooke B.S., Urness L.D., Davis E.C., Taylor D.G., Boak B.B., Wendel D.P. Defective angiogenesis in mice lacking endoglin. Science, 1999, Vol. 284, no. 5419, pp. 1534-1537.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li D.Y., Sorensen L.K., Brooke B.S., Urness L.D., Davis E.C., Taylor D.G., Boak B.B., Wendel D.P. Defective angiogenesis in mice lacking endoglin. Science, 1999, Vol. 284, no. 5419, pp. 1534-1537.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Zhu H., Klausen C., Peng B., Leung P.C. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) Mediates Activin A-Induced Human Trophoblast Endothelial-Like Tube Formation. Endocrinology, 2015, Vol. 156, no. 11, pp. 4257-4268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Zhu H., Klausen C., Peng B., Leung P.C. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) Mediates Activin A-Induced Human Trophoblast Endothelial-Like Tube Formation. Endocrinology, 2015, Vol. 156, no. 11, pp. 4257-4268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maynard S.E., Min J.Y., Merchan J., Lim K.H., Li J., Mondal S., Libermann T.A., Morgan J.P., Sellke F.W., Stillman I.E., Epstein F.H., Sukhatme V.P., Karumanchi S.A. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, Vol.111, no. 5, pp. 649-658.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maynard S.E., Min J.Y., Merchan J., Lim K.H., Li J., Mondal S., Libermann T.A., Morgan J.P., Sellke F.W., Stillman I.E., Epstein F.H., Sukhatme V.P., Karumanchi S.A. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, Vol.111, no. 5, pp. 649-658.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melder R.J., Koenig G.C., Witwer B.P., Safabakhsh N., Munn L.L., Jain R.K. During angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor regulate natural killer cell adhesion to tumor endothelium. Nat. Med., 1996, Vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 992-997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melder R.J., Koenig G.C., Witwer B.P., Safabakhsh N., Munn L.L., Jain R.K. During angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor regulate natural killer cell adhesion to tumor endothelium. Nat. Med., 1996, Vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 992-997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melincovici C.S., Bosca A.B., Susman S., Marginean M., Mihu C., Istrate M., Moldovan I.M., Roman A.L., Mihu C.M. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) – key factor in normal and pathological angiogenesis. Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol., 2018, Vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 455-467.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melincovici C.S., Bosca A.B., Susman S., Marginean M., Mihu C., Istrate M., Moldovan I.M., Roman A.L., Mihu C.M. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) – key factor in normal and pathological angiogenesis. Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol., 2018, Vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 455-467.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mikhailova V., Khokhlova E., Grebenkina P., Salloum Z., Nikolaenkov I., Markova K., Davidova A., Selkov S., Sokolov D. NK-92 cells change their phenotype and function when cocultured with IL-15, IL-18 and trophoblast cells. Immunobiology, 2021, Vol. 226, no. 5, 152125. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikhailova V., Khokhlova E., Grebenkina P., Salloum Z., Nikolaenkov I., Markova K., Davidova A., Selkov S., Sokolov D. NK-92 cells change their phenotype and function when cocultured with IL-15, IL-18 and trophoblast cells. Immunobiology, 2021, Vol. 226, no. 5, 152125. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naderan M., Sabzevary M., Rezaii K., Banafshehafshan A., Hantoushzadeh S. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medications during pregnancy: current perspective. Int. Ophthalmol., 2021, Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 743-751.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naderan M., Sabzevary M., Rezaii K., Banafshehafshan A., Hantoushzadeh S. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medications during pregnancy: current perspective. Int. Ophthalmol., 2021, Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 743-751.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nickel J., Ten Dijke P.,Mueller T.D. TGF-beta family co-receptor function and signaling. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin., 2018, Vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 12-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nickel J., Ten Dijke P.,Mueller T.D. TGF-beta family co-receptor function and signaling. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin., 2018, Vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 12-36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papadopoulos N., Martin J., Ruan Q., Rafique A., Rosconi M.P., Shi E., Pyles E.A., Yancopoulos G.D., Stahl N., Wiegand S.J. Binding and neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and related ligands by VEGF Trap, ranibizumab and bevacizumab. Angiogenesis, 2012, Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 171-185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papadopoulos N., Martin J., Ruan Q., Rafique A., Rosconi M.P., Shi E., Pyles E.A., Yancopoulos G.D., Stahl N., Wiegand S.J. Binding and neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and related ligands by VEGF Trap, ranibizumab and bevacizumab. Angiogenesis, 2012, Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 171-185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajagopalan S., Long E.O. KIR2DL4 (CD158d): An activation receptor for HLA-G. Front. Immunol., 2012, Vol. 3, 258. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00258.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajagopalan S., Long E.O. KIR2DL4 (CD158d): An activation receptor for HLA-G. Front. Immunol., 2012, Vol. 3, 258. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00258.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sandler A., Gray R., Perry M.C., Brahmer J., Schiller J.H., Dowlati A., Lilenbaum R., Johnson D.H. Paclitaxelcarboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, Vol. 355, no. 24, pp. 2542-2550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sandler A., Gray R., Perry M.C., Brahmer J., Schiller J.H., Dowlati A., Lilenbaum R., Johnson D.H. Paclitaxelcarboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, Vol. 355, no. 24, pp. 2542-2550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scherner O., Meurer S.K., Tihaa L., Gressner A.M., Weiskirchen R. Endoglin differentially modulates antagonistic transforming growth factor-beta1 and BMP-7 signaling. J. Biol. Chem., 2007, Vol.282, no. 19, pp. 13934-13943.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scherner O., Meurer S.K., Tihaa L., Gressner A.M., Weiskirchen R. Endoglin differentially modulates antagonistic transforming growth factor-beta1 and BMP-7 signaling. J. Biol. Chem., 2007, Vol.282, no. 19, pp. 13934-13943.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schiessl B., Innes B.A., Bulmer J.N., Otun H.A., Chadwick T.J., Robson S.C., Lash G.E. Localization of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors in the human placental bed throughout normal human pregnancy. Placenta, 2009, Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 79-87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schiessl B., Innes B.A., Bulmer J.N., Otun H.A., Chadwick T.J., Robson S.C., Lash G.E. Localization of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors in the human placental bed throughout normal human pregnancy. Placenta, 2009, Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 79-87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharkey A.M., Charnock-Jones D.S., Boocock C.A., Brown K.D.,Smith S.K. Expression of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor in human placenta. J. Reprod. Fertil., 1993, Vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 609-615.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharkey A.M., Charnock-Jones D.S., Boocock C.A., Brown K.D.,Smith S.K. Expression of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor in human placenta. J. Reprod. Fertil., 1993, Vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 609-615.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma S., Godbole G.,Modi D. Decidual Control of Trophoblast Invasion. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 341-350.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma S., Godbole G.,Modi D. Decidual Control of Trophoblast Invasion. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 341-350.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simons M., Gordon E., Claesson-Welsh L. Mechanisms and regulation of endothelial VEGF receptor signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2016, Vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 611-625.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simons M., Gordon E., Claesson-Welsh L. Mechanisms and regulation of endothelial VEGF receptor signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2016, Vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 611-625.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan H.X., Yang S.L., Li M.Q., Wang H.Y. Autophagy suppression of trophoblast cells induces pregnancy loss by activating decidual NK cytotoxicity and inhibiting trophoblast invasion. Cell Commun. Signal., 2020, Vol. 18, no. 1, 73. doi: 10.1186/s12964-020-00579-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan H.X., Yang S.L., Li M.Q., Wang H.Y. Autophagy suppression of trophoblast cells induces pregnancy loss by activating decidual NK cytotoxicity and inhibiting trophoblast invasion. Cell Commun. Signal., 2020, Vol. 18, no. 1, 73. doi: 10.1186/s12964-020-00579-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trembath A.P., Markiewicz M.A. More than Decoration: roles for natural killer group 2 member d ligand expression by immune cells. Front. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, 231. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trembath A.P., Markiewicz M.A. More than Decoration: roles for natural killer group 2 member d ligand expression by immune cells. Front. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, 231. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinnars M.T., Bjork E., Nagaev I., Ottander U., Bremme K., Holmlund U., Sverremark-Ekstrom E., Mincheva-Nilsson L. Enhanced Th1 and inflammatory mRNA responses upregulate NK cell cytotoxicity and NKG2D ligand expression in human pre-eclamptic placenta and target it for NK cell attack. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 80, no. 1, e12969. doi: 10.1111/aji.12969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinnars M.T., Bjork E., Nagaev I., Ottander U., Bremme K., Holmlund U., Sverremark-Ekstrom E., MinchevaNilsson L. Enhanced Th1 and inflammatory mRNA responses upregulate NK cell cytotoxicity and NKG2D ligand expression in human pre-eclamptic placenta and target it for NK cell attack. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 80, no. 1, e12969. doi: 10.1111/aji.12969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallace A.E., Fraser R., Cartwright J.E. Extravillous trophoblast and decidual natural killer cells: a remodelling partnership. Hum. Reprod. Update, 2012, Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 458-471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallace A.E., Fraser R., Cartwright J.E. Extravillous trophoblast and decidual natural killer cells: a remodelling partnership. Hum. Reprod. Update, 2012, Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 458-471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waltenberger J., Claesson-Welsh L., Siegbahn A., Shibuya M., Heldin C.H. Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J. Biol. Chem., 1994, Vol. 269, no. 43, pp. 26988-26995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waltenberger J., Claesson-Welsh L., Siegbahn A., Shibuya M., Heldin C.H. Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J. Biol. Chem., 1994, Vol. 269, no. 43, pp. 26988-26995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J., Ding J., Zhang S., Chen X., Yan S., Zhang Y., Yin T. Decreased USP2a Expression Inhibits Trophoblast Invasion and Associates With Recurrent Miscarriage. Front. Immunol., 2021, Vol. 12, 17370. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J., Ding J., Zhang S., Chen X., Yan S., Zhang Y., Yin T. Decreased USP2a Expression Inhibits Trophoblast Invasion and Associates With Recurrent Miscarriage. Front. Immunol., 2021, Vol. 12, 17370. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X.Q., Zhou W.J., Hou X.X., Fu Q., Li D.J. Trophoblast-derived CXCL16 induces M2 macrophage polarization that in turn inactivates NK cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Cell. Mol. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1038-1046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X.Q., Zhou W.J., Hou X.X., Fu Q., Li D.J. Trophoblast-derived CXCL16 induces M2 macrophage polarization that in turn inactivates NK cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Cell. Mol. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1038-1046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu D., Luo S., Wang Y., Zhuang L., Chen Y., Peng C. Smads in human trophoblast cells: expression, regulation and role in TGF-beta-induced transcriptional activity. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2001, Vol. 175, no. 1-2, pp. 111-121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu D., Luo S., Wang Y., Zhuang L., Chen Y., Peng C. Smads in human trophoblast cells: expression, regulation and role in TGF-beta-induced transcriptional activity. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2001, Vol. 175, no. 1-2, pp. 111-121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang F., Zheng Q., Jin L. Dynamic Function and Composition Changes of Immune Cells During Normal and Pathological Pregnancy at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. Front. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 10, 2317. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02317.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang F., Zheng Q., Jin L. Dynamic Function and Composition Changes of Immune Cells During Normal and Pathological Pregnancy at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. Front. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 10, 2317. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02317.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yi Y., Cheng J.C., Klausen C., Leung P.C.K. TGF-beta1 inhibits human trophoblast cell invasion by upregulating cyclooxygenase-2. Placenta, 2018, Vol. 68, pp. 44-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yi Y., Cheng J.C., Klausen C., Leung P.C.K. TGF-beta1 inhibits human trophoblast cell invasion by upregulating cyclooxygenase-2. Placenta, 2018, Vol. 68, pp. 44-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao J., Schlosser H.A., Wang Z., Qin J., Li J., Popp F., Popp M.C., Alakus H., Chon S.H., Hansen H.P., Neiss W.F., Jauch K.W., Bruns C.J., Zhao Y. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit natural killer cell function in pancreatic cancer. Cancers, 2019, Vol. 11, no. 6, 874. doi: 10.3390/cancers11060874.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao J., Schlosser H.A., Wang Z., Qin J., Li J., Popp F., Popp M.C., Alakus H., Chon S.H., Hansen H.P., Neiss W.F., Jauch K.W., Bruns C.J., Zhao Y. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit natural killer cell function in pancreatic cancer. Cancers, 2019, Vol. 11, no. 6, 874. doi: 10.3390/cancers11060874.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou Y., McMaster M., Woo K., Janatpour M., Perry J., Karpanen T., Alitalo K., Damsky C., Fisher S.J. Vascular endothelial growth factor ligands and receptors that regulate human cytotrophoblast survival are dysregulated in severe preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Am. J. Pathol., 2002, Vol. 160, no. 4, pp. 1405-1423.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou Y., McMaster M., Woo K., Janatpour M., Perry J., Karpanen T., Alitalo K., Damsky C., Fisher S.J. Vascular endothelial growth factor ligands and receptors that regulate human cytotrophoblast survival are dysregulated in severe preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Am. J. Pathol., 2002, Vol. 160, no. 4, pp. 1405-1423.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
