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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-AUR-2956</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2956</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Аутоиммунный увеит: факторы риска и проблемы иммунопатогенеза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Autoimmune uveitis: risk factors and issues of immunopathogenesis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-3406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинский</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinsky</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширинский Иван Валерьевич – д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией изучения мультиморбидности ревматических заболеваний</p><p>630089, г. Новосибирск, ул. Бориса Богаткова, 175/1</p><p>Тел.: 8 (913) 018-61-16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan V. Shirinsky,  PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading ResearchAssociate, Head, Laboratory for Studying Multimorbidity of Rheumatic Diseases</p><p>175/1 Boris Bogatkov St Novosibirsk 630089 </p><p>Phone: +7 (913) 018-61-16</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivan.shirinsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-9303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинский</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinsky</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширинский В.С. – д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории изучения мультиморбидности ревматических заболеваний</p><p>г. Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shirinsky V.S., PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Leading Research Associate, Laboratory for Studying Multimorbidity of Rheumatic Diseases</p><p>Novosibirsk </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valery.shirinsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт терапии и профилактической медицины – филиал Федерального исследовательского центра «Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии&#13;
наук»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ширинский И.В., Ширинский В.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ширинский И.В., Ширинский В.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shirinsky I.V., Shirinsky V.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2956">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2956</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлены последние достижения в понимании механизмов, лежащих в основе предрасположенности к иммуноопосредованному увеиту (ИУ) и его патогенеза. Подробно описаны модели увеита человека на животных, среди которых наиболее охарактеризованными моделями экспериментального переднего увеита являются эндотоксин-индуцированный увеит и экспериментальный аутоиммунный передний увеит. В результате этих исследований были идентифицированы такие факторы транскрипции как STAT3, Interferon regulatory factor 4,8, регуляторные белки - Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, 3 (SOCS1 , SOCS3 ) и пути передачи сигналов цитокинов, которые регулируют развитие ИУ и могут служить потенциальными терапевтическими мишенями для лечения. Охарактеризованы факторы риска окружающей среды способствующие развитию ИУ. Представлены данные о влиянии физической активности, курения, состояния микробиома кишечника, диеты на частоту возникновения ИУ, описаны известные и предполагаемые механизмы участия факторов риска в инициации и патогенезе болезни. В частности, изложены результаты исследований свидетельствующих о существовании двух основных механизмов участия микробиома кишечника в развитии ИУ: антигены микробиома кишечника действуют как триггеры активации Т-клеток, специфичных для антигенов сетчатки и микробиом модулирует баланс эффекторных субпопуляций Т – лимфоцитов (Th1 и Th17) и субпопуляций иммунорегуляторных клеток (Treg). Изложены сведения о том, что высокий уровень экспрессии глазных белков (межфоторецепторный ретиноид-связывающий белок - IRBP или S-антиген) в тимусе коррелировал с устойчивостью к развитию EAU, тогда как низкий уровень коррелировал с предрасположенностью к увеиту. Эти основополагающие исследования патогенеза ИУ позволило дать объяснение избирательной восприимчивости к аутоиммунному увеиту и предположить, что резистентность к увеиту регулируется, по крайней мере частично, способностью сохранять центральную толерантность к аутоантигенам сетчатки. Описано, что увеитогенные Т-клетки памяти перемещаются из сетчатки и периферических лимфоидных тканей в костный мозг, находясь там в состоянии покоя до повторной стимуляции, превращаясь в различные субпопуляции эффекторных клеток. Анализ результатов иммунологических исследований на модели увеита у мыши и перферической крови пациентов с увеитом человека выявил патогенетическую роль Th17-лимфоцитов и активатора транскрипции STAT3 в развитии аутоиммунного увеита и сигнальный белок STAT3 является потенциальной терапевтической мишенью при неинфекционном увеите.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>We present recent advances in studying the mechanisms of susceptibility to immune-mediated uveitis (IM) and its pathogenesis. Animal models of human uveitis are described in details. Those include the best characterized models of experimental anterior uveitis (endotoxin-induced uveitis and experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis). As a result of these studies, some relevant transcription factors were detected, such as STAT3, Interferon regulatory factor 4, 8; regulatory proteins, e.g., suppressors of cytokine signaling 1, 3 (SOCS1, SOCS3) and cytokine signaling pathways that regulate the development of IS and may serve as potential therapeutic targets for treatment. Environmental risk factors contributing to the development of IS are also characterized. The presented data concern the influence of physical activity, smoking, state of intestinal microbiome, and diet on the incidence of IS, as well as known and suspected contribution of the risk factors to the initiation and pathogenesis of the disease. In particular, we present results of studies which suggest two main options of intestinal microbiome involvement in the IS development: intestinal microbiome antigens act as triggers for activation of T cells specific for retinal antigens, and the microbiome modulates the balance of effector subpopulations of T lymphocytes (Th1 and Th17) and immunoregulatory subpopulations cells (Treg). It is reported that high levels of expression of ocular proteins (interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein – IRBP or S-antigen) in the thymus correlated with resistance to the development of EAU, while low IRBP levels correlated with susceptibility to uveitis. These seminal studies in pathogenesis of IU allowed explanation for selective susceptibility to autoimmune uveitis and suggested regulation tools of resistance to uveitis, at least, in part, due to ability of maintaining central tolerance to retinal autoantigens. Uveitogenic memory T cells have been described to move from retina and peripheral lymphoid tissues to the bone marrow, remaining there in a quiescent state until re-stimulation, then transforming into various subpopulations of effector cells. Analysis of immunological studies in murine models of uveitis and peripheral blood of patients with uveitis had revealed a pathogenetic role of Th17 lymphocytes and a transcription activator STAT3 in development of autoimmune uveitis, with STAT3 signaling protein being a potential therapeutic target for non-infectious uveitis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммуноопосредованный увеит</kwd><kwd>экспериментальные модели неинфекционного увеита</kwd><kwd>факторы риска увеита</kwd><kwd>центральная и периферическая толерантность</kwd><kwd>Т — хелперы</kwd><kwd>Th17 лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>сигнальный белок STAT3.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immune-mediated uveitis</kwd><kwd>experimental models of non-infectious uveitis</kwd><kwd>risk factors for uveitis</kwd><kwd>central and peripheral tolerance</kwd><kwd>T helper cells</kwd><kwd>Th17 lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>STAT3 signaling protein</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансирование подготовки обзора осуществлялось за счет средств, направленных на выполнение государственного задания НИИТПМ – филиал ИЦиГ, тема FWNR-2024-0002.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Writing of this review was supported by State assignment to Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, assignment # FWNR-2024-0002.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agron E., Mares J., Clemons T.E., Swaroop A., Chew E.Y., Keenan T.D.L. 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