mimmunМедицинская иммунологияMedical Immunology (Russia)1563-06252313-741XSPb RAACI10.15789/1563-0625-ICI-2923mimmun-2923Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSКонтрольные точки иммунитета в контексте наружного генитального эндометриозаImmune сheckpoints in the context of external genital endometriosisБелевичА. С.BelevichA. S.

Белевич А.С. – младший научный сотрудник отдела гинекологии и эндокринологии 

Санкт-Петербург

Belevich A.S., Junior Research Associate, Department of Gynecology and Endocrinology 

St. Petersburg

anastasia.belevich@mail.ruЯрмолинскаяМ. И.YarmolinskayaM. I.

Ярмолинская М.И. – д.м.н., профессор, профессор РАН, руководитель отдела гинекологии и эндокринологии, руководитель центра «Диагностика и лечение эндометриоза» 

Санкт-Петербург

Yarmolinskaya M.I., PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head, Department of Gynecology and Endocrinology, Head, Center for Diagnostics and Treatment of Endometriosis 

St. Petersburg

СельковС. А.SelkovS. A.

Сельков С.А. – д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, заведующий отделом иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий; профессор кафедры иммунологии 

Санкт-Петербург

Selkov S.A., PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head, Department of Immunology and Intercellular Communications; Professor, Department of Immunology 

St. Petersburg

СоколовД. И.SokolovD. I.

Соколов Д.И. – д.б.н., доцент, заведующий лабораторией межклеточных взаимодействий; профессор кафедры иммунологии 

Санкт-Петербург

Sokolov D.I., PhD, MD (Biology), Associate Professor, Head, Laboratory of Intercellular Communications; Professor, Department of Immunology 

St. Petersburg

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. Отта»РоссияD. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and ReproductologyRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. Отта»; ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения РФРоссияD. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology; First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical UniversityRussian Federation202507032024272245264Copyright © Белевич А.С., Ярмолинская М.И., Сельков С.А., Соколов Д.И., 20252025Белевич А.С., Ярмолинская М.И., Сельков С.А., Соколов Д.И.Belevich A.S., Yarmolinskaya M.I., Selkov S.A., Sokolov D.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2923

Наружный генитальный эндометриоз – хроническое рецидивирующее заболевание, патогенез которого остается до конца не изученным. Эндометриоз делит общие черты с опухолевым процессом. Так, для данного заболевания характерно распространение ткани, подобной эндометрию, вне полости матки. Пролиферация и инвазия клеток в эктопических очагах возможна только при нарушении местных процессов иммунной защиты. Одним из механизмов избегания иммунологического надзора, доказанным для опухолевого процесса, является использование контрольных точек иммунитета. Контрольные точки иммунитета представляют собой белки, расположенные на поверхности клеток иммунной системы (преимущественно Т-лимфоцитов). Связывание контрольных точек иммунитета с их лигандами на поверхности опухолевой клетки приводит к ингибированию клеток иммунитета и помогает таким образом опухоли «выжить». В данном обзоре собраны данные литературы об известных на сегодняшний день контрольных точках иммунитета: CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, Tim-3, TIGIT, 4-1BB, GITR. Рассмотрены наиболее изученные их лиганды, такие как: CD80/CD86, PD-1L, Gal-3, Gal-9. В обзоре систематизированы данные о клетках, на которых экспрессируются контрольные точки иммунитета и их белки с ними связывающиеся, приведены примеры опухолей, которые используют данное взаимодействие для защиты от распознавания. Помимо этого, в обзоре описаны препараты – ингибиторы контрольных точек иммунитета, успешно используемые в терапии определенных опухолей. Наряду с отсутствием полноты знаний о патогенезе эндометриоза, на сегодняшний день единственным достоверным методом его диагностики является проведение лапароскопии с визуализацией очагов и последующим их гистологическим исследованием. В обзоре собраны результаты исследований, посвященных изучению некоторых биомаркеров для неинвазивной диагностики эндометриоза: CA-125, MCP-1, IL-6, BDNF и других. Авторами рассмотрены результаты нескольких работ, в которых контрольные точки иммунитета изучались в аспекте наружного генитального эндометриоза. Следует подчеркнуть, что по результатам этих исследований экспрессия контрольных точек иммунитета Т-лимфоцитами и концентрация растворимых форм была значимо повышена среди женщин с эндометриозом. Также в обзоре представлены результаты эксперимента, в котором определение уровня одного из лигандов контрольных точек иммунитета в крови пациенток показало высокую чувствительность и специфичность. Таким образом, изучение контрольных точек иммунитета в качестве механизма, потенциально используемого эндометриоидными клетками для уклонения от иммунологического ответа, а также биомаркеров неинвазивной диагностики является многообещающим направлением. 

Endometriosis is a chronic recurrent disease with insufficiently studied pathogenesis. Endometriosis is known to share similar features with tumors. Thus, the outgrowth of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterus is the main feature of this condition. The dysfunction of local immune response is required for cell proliferation and invasion in ectopic sites. The involvement of immune checkpoints is among the mechanisms allowing avoidance of immune surveillance shown for the tumors. Immune checkpoints are presented by proteins expressed on immune cells (most on T cells). The checkpoint binding to its ligand expressed on immune cells leads to its functional inhibition and, thus, facilitates survival of tumor cells. The data about immune checkpoints, e.g., CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, Tim-3, TIGIT, 4-1BB, GITR are summarized in this review. Their ligands (CD80/CD86, PD-1L, Gal-3, Gal-9) are also described. The review article contains information about cells expressing checkpoints and other proteins involved, We also discuss the examples of tumors using such checkpoint-ligand interactions in order to avoid recognition by immune cells. Furthermore, the review describes immune checkpoint inhibitors currently used in cancer therapy. Due to scarce knowledge about endometriosis pathogenesis, the only diagnostics of this condition is laparoscopic surgery with visualization of ectopic loci and histological study of biopsies. The studies of some biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis, such as CA-125, MCP-1, IL-6, BDNF etc. are also discussed in this review. The authors describe some studies which concern immune checkpoints in the context of endometriosis. Noteworthy an elevated expression of some checkpoints by T cells was found, along with elevated concentration of their soluble forms in blood of women with endometriosis. The review also includes the studies showing significant sensitivity and specificity of immune checkpoint ligand measurement in patients with endometriosis. Hence, investigation of immune checkpoints as a potential mechanism to avoid immune reaction used by endometriotic cells, and its application as a biomarker for non-invasive diagnostics is a promising direction for the further studies. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.