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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-IAF-2921</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2921</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Идентификация и функциональная характеристика SARS-CoV-2-специфичных Т-лимфоцитов у перенесших COVID-19 пациентов в период до 16 месяцев от начала заболевания</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Identification and functional characteristic of SARS-CoV-2-specific T lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients up to 16 months after disease onset</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владимиров</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladimirov</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимиров И.С. – аналитик 2-й категории отдела медицинской геномики</p><p>119121, Россия, Москва, ул. Погодинская, 10, стр. 1</p><p>Тел.: 8 (495) 540-61-75 (доб. 4866)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimirov I.S., The 2nd Category Analyst, Medical Genomics Department</p><p>10 Pogodinskaya St, Bldg 1 Moscow 119121 Russian Federation</p><p>Phone: +7 (495) 540-61-75 (acc. 4866)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ISVladimirov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жданова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhdanova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жданова А.С. – аналитик 2-й категории отдела анализа и прогнозирования медико-биологических рисков здоровью</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhdanova A.S., The 2nd Category Analyst, Department of Analysis and Forecasting of Biomedical Health Risks</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухин</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhin</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мухин В.Е. – к.м.н., заместитель начальника отдела анализа и прогнозирования медико-биологических рисков здоровью</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mukhin V.E., PhD (Medicine), Deputy Head, Department of Analysis and Forecasting of Biomedical Health Risks</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макаров В.В. – к.б.н., начальник отдела анализа и прогнозирования медико-биологических рисков здоровью</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Makarov V.V., PhD (Biology), Head, Department of Analysis and Forecasting of Biomedical Health Risks</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юдин В.С. – к.б.н., начальник отдела медицинской геномики</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yudin V.S., PhD (Biology), Head, Department of Medical Genomics</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краевой</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kraevoy</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Краевой С.А. – д.м.н., первый заместитель генерального директора</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kraevoy S.A., PhD, MD (Medicine), 1st Deputy General Director</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>555</fpage><lpage>568</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Владимиров И.С., Жданова А.С., Мухин В.Е., Макаров В.В., Юдин В.С., Краевой С.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Владимиров И.С., Жданова А.С., Мухин В.Е., Макаров В.В., Юдин В.С., Краевой С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vladimirov I.S., Zhdanova A.S., Mukhin V.E., Makarov V.V., Yudin V.S., Kraevoy S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2921">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2921</self-uri><abstract><p>При респираторных вирусных инфекциях, наряду с механизмами врожденного иммунитета, важную роль в защите организма играет адаптивная иммунная система. Эффективность ее клеточного звена имеет решающее значение для элиминации патогена. Т-клеточный ответ выявляется практически во всех случаях COVID-19 и является одним из ключевых факторов контроля SARS-CoV-2 в организме и устойчивости к инфекции, в том числе и повторной. Однако к настоящему моменту остаются неясными многие аспекты клеточного иммунного ответа к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 спустя год и более после перенесенной инфекции. Цель – изучить динамику лабораторных показателей постинфекционного клеточного иммунитета к SARS-CoV-2 в течение 16 месяцев от момента появления симптомов.</p><p>В исследование было включено 15 здоровых добровольцев и 87 пациентов, перенесших COVID-19. Переболевшие участники были разделены на 3 исследуемые группы в зависимости от времени, прошедшего с момента появления первых симптомов до момента взятия образцов крови для исследования (от 14 до 500 суток). Для всех образцов было выполнено определение количества S- и N-специфичных Т-лимфоцитов и профиль секретируемых цитокинов. Для обнаружения различных функциональных групп клеток был использован алгоритм автоматической кластеризации Phenograph.</p><p>Приблизительно 1 из 5 × 103 мононуклеарных клеток периферической крови была специфична к S-белку SARS-CoV-2, и 1 из 104 к N-белку. С первых недель инфекции количество специфичных CD8+ клеток у переболевших было достоверно выше, чем в группе не болевших участников. С увеличением постинфекционного периода количество специфичных CD4+ и CD8+ клеток постепенно снижается, но остается достоверно выше, чем в контрольной группе. Среди CD4+ клеток уменьшается доля IFNγ-IL-2-TNFα+ клеток и увеличивается доля IFNγ+IL-2-TNFα-. CD8+ лимфоциты в первые недели после начала заболевания представлены преимущественно IFNγ+IL-2-TNFα- клетками, а к концу наблюдаемого периода – IFNγ-IL-2-TNFα+. По результатам кластеризации было показано, что на ранних постинфекционных сроках вирус-специфичные Т-лимфоциты представлены популяциями IFNγ- и TNFα-продуцирующих CD4+ эффекторных клеток памяти, тогда как на поздних сроках значительную долю составляют TNFα-продуцирующие CD8+ TEMRA и IFNγ-продуцирующие CD8+Т-лимфоциты центральной памяти.</p><p>Т-клеточное звено адаптивного иммунитета играет важную роль в контроле и элиминации вирусных инфекций. В данной работе были продемонстрированы результаты, показывающие, что устойчивый клеточный иммунитет против SARS-CoV-2 присутствует у подавляющего большинства переболевших, начиная с первых недель и вплоть до 16 месяцев с момента появления первых симптомов COVID-19. Иммунная память к SARS-CoV-2 обеспечивается формированием Т-клеток центральной и эффекторной памяти, а полученные данные об их динамике за исследуемый период позволяют надеяться и на более продолжительную клеточную иммунную память к вирусу SARS-CoV-2.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In cases of respiratory viral infection, along with innate immunity mechanisms, the adaptive immune system plays a crucial role in the body’s defence. The efficiency of its cellular component is crucial for pathogen elimination. T cell response is detected in almost all cases of COVID-19, being among the key factors of the virus control and resistance to infection, including re-infection. So far, however, many aspects of cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 over one year or later after infection remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of laboratory parameters of post-infection cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 within 16 months from the symptoms’ onset.</p><p>Fifteen healthy volunteers and 87 COVID-19 patients were included into the study. The patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the time elapsed from the onset of the first symptoms to the time when blood samples were collected (from 14 to 500 days). For all samples, the number of S- and N-specific T lymphocytes and the cytokines secreting profiles were determined. Also, the Phenograph automatic clustering algorithm was used to discern different functional groups of the cells.</p><p>Approximately 1 in 5 × 103 peripheral blood mononuclear cells was specific for SARS-CoV-2 S-protein, and 1 in 104 was specific for N-protein. Since the first weeks of infection, the number of specific CD8+ cells was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients, as compared with the group of healthy volunteers. As the postinfection period increased, the number of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cells gradually decreased, but remained significantly higher than in control group. Among CD4+ cell population, the proportion of IFNγ-IL- 2-TNFα+ cells decreased and the ratio of IFNγ+IL-2-TNFα- cells increases. During first weeks of the disease, CD8+ lymphocytes are represented predominantly by IFNγ+IL-2-TNFα- cells and IFNγ-IL-2-TNFα+ cells by the end of the observation period. The clustering results showed that, in the early post-infection period, virusspecific T lymphocytes were mostly presented by populations of IFNγ- and TNFα-producing CD4+ effector memory cells. Meanwhile, in later time period, the most common populations were TNFα-producing CD8+ TEMRA and IFNγ-producing CD8+ central memory T lymphocytes.</p><p>T cell adaptive immunity plays an important role in the control and elimination of viral infections. In this study, we demonstrated that robust cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in the vast majority of patients from the first weeks up to 16 months after the onset of the first symptoms of COVID-19. The immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 is provided by production of central and effector memory T cells, and the data on their time dynamics during the study period allow us to hope for a longer duration of cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>клеточный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>проточная цитометрия</kwd><kwd>кластеризация данных</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>cellular immunity</kwd><kwd>T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>flow cytometry</kwd><kwd>data clustering</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гудима Г.О., Хаитов Р.М., Кудлай Д.А., Хаитов М.Р. Молекулярно-иммунологические аспекты диагностики, профилактики и лечения коронавирусной инфекции // Иммунология, 2021. Т. 42, № 3. 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