mimmunМедицинская иммунологияMedical Immunology (Russia)1563-06252313-741XSPb RAACI10.15789/1563-0625-LAC-2894mimmun-2894Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSЛиганды и носители для улучшения иммунной активности: механизмы действия и перспективы применения в медицине и биотехнологииLigands and carriers for enhancing immune activity: Mechanisms of action and prospects for applications in medicine and biotechnologyГогинаС. С.GoginaS. S.

Гогина С.С. – магистр института биохимической технологии и нанотехнологии; специалист; младший научный сотрудник 

Москва

Gogina S.S., Master Student, Research Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology; Specialist; Junior Research Associate 

Moscow

fominasofya@yandex.ruСтойноваА. М.StoinovaA. M.

Стойнова А.М. – к.х.н., ассистент института биохимической технологии и нанотехнологии 

Москва

Stoinova A.M., PhD (Chemistry), Assistant Professor, Research Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology 

Moscow

ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы»; АО БТК «Биосервис»; ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова»РоссияP. Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; Biotechnology Company Limited “Bioservice”; I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and SeraRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы»РоссияP. Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of RussiaRussian Federation20241710202326611491162Copyright © Гогина С.С., Стойнова А.М., 20242024Гогина С.С., Стойнова А.М.Gogina S.S., Stoinova A.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2894

Статья посвящена обзору исследований, посвященных роли антител, цитокинов, белков комплемента, молекул основного комплекса гистосовместимости (MHC) и Toll-подобных рецепторов (TLRs) в иммунном ответе, а также их потенциала как мишеней для иммунотерапии. В настоящем обзоре рассматривается влияние различных носителей на иммунную активность белков, с особым акцентом на роли носителей в разработке методов лечения заболеваний, включая онкологические, аутоиммунные и инфекционные. Результаты исследований подчеркивают важность понимания молекулярных механизмов иммунного ответа и роли различных компонентов иммунной системы. Антитела, как ключевые компоненты адаптивного иммунитета, играют важную роль в нейтрализации патогенов и могут быть использованы в качестве целей для иммунотерапии. Цитокины и белки комплемента выполняют множество функций, включая активацию иммунных клеток, противовирусную активность и регуляцию воспалительных процессов. MHC-молекулы осуществляют презентацию антигенов и активацию адаптивного иммунитета. TLRs, в свою очередь, распознают патогенассоциированные молекулярные паттерны и инициируют иммунный ответ. Исследования также показали потенциал использования носителей на основе липидов, белков, углеводов и нуклеиновых кислот для усиления иммунной активности белков. В обзоре обсуждается использование носителей для улучшения иммунной активности белков, что может быть полезно для создания новых вакцин и других терапевтических препаратов. В последние годы наблюдается растущий интерес к разработке методов лечения на основе белковых молекул, включая моноклональные антитела, цитокины и другие. Данные методы перспективны для лечения целого ряда заболеваний, но на их эффективность влияет выбор молекулы-носителя. Конъюгация белков с другими молекулами, например, наночастицами или липосомами, может повысить стабильность, специфичность и эффективность. Присутствие носителей на поверхности опухолевых клеток способно стимулировать противоопухолевый иммунный ответ. Однако все еще существуют проблемы, требующие решения при разработке методов лечения на основе носителей. Одной из них является потенциальная иммуногенность, индуцируемая носителем, которая может вызвать нежелательный иммунный ответ и ограничить эффективность терапии. Кроме того, сложный выбор подходящего белка-носителя для конкретного терапевтического применения требует дальнейших исследований механизмов, лежащих в основе функции белка-носителя и активации иммунитета. Авторами проведен анализ научной литературы, в результате чего установлено, что использование носителей и лигандов представляет собой перспективный подход для улучшения иммунной активности белков и разработки новых стратегий вакцинации и иммунотерапии.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of research focusing on the role of antibodies, cytokines, complement proteins, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune response and their potential as targets for immunotherapy. The review specifically examines the influence of various carriers on the immune activity of proteins, with a particular emphasis on the role of carriers in developing therapeutic approaches for diseases including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infections. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response and the role of different components of the immune system. Antibodies, as key components of adaptive immunity, play a crucial role in pathogen neutralization and can be utilized as targets for immunotherapy. Cytokines and complement proteins serve multiple functions, including immune cell activation, antiviral activity, and regulation of inflammatory processes. MHC molecules facilitate antigen presentation and activation of adaptive immunity. TLRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiate the immune response. Current research has also demonstrated the potential of lipid-based carriers, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids for enhancing the immune activity of proteins. The review discusses the use of carriers to improve the immune activity of proteins, which can be valuable for developing new vaccines and therapeutic agents. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in proteinbased therapeutic approaches, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and others. The efficacy of these methods is influenced by the choice of carrier molecule. Conjugation of proteins with other molecules such as nanoparticles or liposomes can enhance stability, specificity, and efficacy. The presence of carriers on the surface of tumor cells can stimulate anti-tumor immune responses. However, challenges remain in the development of carrier-based therapies including potential carrier-induced immunogenicity, which may trigger undesired immune responses and limit therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, the complex selection of appropriate protein carriers for specific therapeutic applications requires further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of carrier function and immune activation. As based on the analysis of scientific literature, this review establishes that the use of carriers and ligands represents a promising approach for enhancing protein immune activity and developing new vaccination and immunotherapy strategies.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.