<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-EOT-2868</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2868</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние белка Rubicon на протекание LC3-ассоциированного фагоцитоза в моноцитах больных тяжелой атопической бронхиальной астмой</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of the Rubicon protein on LC3-associated phagocytosis by monocytes in the patients with severe atopic bronchial asthma</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагимов</surname><given-names>Б. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibragimov</surname><given-names>B. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ибрагимов Б.Р. – младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Иммунопатология», Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии </p><p>г. Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ibragimov B.R., Junior Research Associate, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology </p><p>Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ibragimov94@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скибо</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skibo</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Скибо Ю.В. – к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Иммунопатология», Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии </p><p>г. Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Skibo Yu.V., PhD (Biology), Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology </p><p>Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетникова</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikova</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Решетникова И.Д. – к.м.н., врио директора, заместитель директора по научной работе; доцент, Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии </p><p>г. Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Reshetnikova I.D., PhD (Medicine) Acting Director; Associate Professor, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology </p><p>Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абрамов С.Н. – младший научный сотрудник научноисследовательской лаборатории «Иммунопатология», Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии </p><p>г. Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Abramov S.N., Junior Research Associate, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology </p><p>Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даминова</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Daminova</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Даминова А.Г. – к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник междисциплинарного центра «Аналитическая микроскопия» </p><p>г. Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daminova A.G., PhD (Biology), Senior Research Associate, Interdisciplinary Center for Analytical Microscopy </p><p>Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евтюгин</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evtyugin</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евтюгин В.Г. – к.б.н., директор междисциплинарного центра «Аналитическая микроскопия» </p><p>г. Казань, Республика Татарстан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evtyugin V.G., PhD (Biology), Director, Interdisciplinary Center for Analytical Microscopy </p><p>Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамова</surname><given-names>З. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramova</surname><given-names>Z. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абрамова З.И. – д.б.н., профессор кафедры биохимии, биотехнологии и фармакологии, главный научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Иммунопатология», Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет», г. Казань, Республика Татарстан, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Abramova Z.I., PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Pharmacology, Chief Research Associate, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology </p><p>Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»;&#13;
ФБУН «Казанский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University;&#13;
Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1213</fpage><lpage>1222</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ибрагимов Б.Р., Скибо Ю.В., Решетникова И.Д., Абрамов С.Н., Даминова А.Г., Евтюгин В.Г., Абрамова З.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ибрагимов Б.Р., Скибо Ю.В., Решетникова И.Д., Абрамов С.Н., Даминова А.Г., Евтюгин В.Г., Абрамова З.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ibragimov B.R., Skibo Y.V., Reshetnikova I.D., Abramov S.N., Daminova A.G., Evtyugin V.G., Abramova Z.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2868">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2868</self-uri><abstract><p>Атопическая бронхиальной астма является наиболее частым и тяжелым аллергическим заболеванием среди широкого спектра подобных болезней. Основной патогенез этого заболевания характеризуется нарушением гомеостаза T-лимфоцитов, что значительно ухудшает общее состояние здоровья. При атопической бронхиальной астме происходит нарушение процесса апоптоза T-клеток. Это влечет за собой нарушение регуляции и поддержания гомеостаза периферических лимфоцитов. В нормальном состоянии организма T-клетки должны подвергаться апоптозу, а его продукты должны утилизироваться соседними клетками или профессиональными фагоцитами: моноцитами, макрофагами или дендритными клетками. Этот процесс нарушается при атопической бронхиальной астме. Нарушение иммунной системы, такие как аутоиммунитет, часто возникают из-за неправильной регуляции апоптоза лимфоцитов. Это особенно актуально в случаях, когда происходит недостаточный клиренс апоптотических телец или даже его полное отсутствие. В последние годы в научном и медицинском сообществах большое внимание обращено к такой форме фагоцитоза, как эффероцитоз. Это процесс, при котором апоптические клетки удаляются фагоцитарными клетками путем LC3-ассоциированного фагоцитоза (LAP). Данный процесс инициирует поглощение за счет взаимодействий рецепторов плазматической мембраны фагоцита с апоптотической клеткой. Далее в клетке при участии определенных белков аутофагии (Beclin-1, VPS34, UVRAG, ATG5, ATG12, ATG7, ATG4, ATG4, LC3) формируется одномембранная фагосома. Фагосома обогащается молекулами LC3 белка и сливается с лизосомой, в которой затем происходит лизис захваченного «груза».В рамках нашей работы был проведен подробный анализ содержания некоторых ключевых белков LAP-пути в моноцитах периферической крови больных бронхиальной астмой тяжелого течения. Было обнаружено, что экспрессия белка Rubicon повышена, что позволяет заключить, что в моноцитах здоровых доноров активируется LAP-путь, по которому происходит фагоцитоз погибающих T-клеток. В то же время в моноцитах больных тяжелой формой атопической астмы активируются компоненты, характерные как для аутофагии, так и для LC3-ассоциированного фагоцитоза. Однако стоит отметить, что достоверно установлено снижение экспрессии белка Rubicon, предполагаемого маркера LC3-ассоциированного фагоцитоза.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Atopic bronchial asthma is the most common and severe allergic disease among a wide range of similar diseases. The main pathogenesis of this disease is characterized by a disturbance of T lymphocyte homeostasis, which significantly worsens the general state of health. In atopic bronchial asthma, there is impaired process of T cell apoptosis. This entails dysregulation and maintenance of peripheral lymphocyte homeostasis. Normally, T cells must undergo apoptosis, and its products should be utilized by neighboring cells, or professional phagocytes: monocytes, macrophages, or dendritic cells. This process is altered in atopic bronchial asthma. The immune system disorders, such as autoimmunity, often result from dysregulation of lymphocyte apoptosis. This is especially true in cases of insufficient or missed clearance of apoptotic bodies. Recently, the research and medical communities pay much attention to efferocytosis, a form of phagocytosi which proceeds by removal of apoptotic cells by phagocytes by means of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). This process initiates uptake of the particles due to interactions between the phagocyte plasma membrane receptors and apoptotic cell. Further on, a single-membrane phagosome is formed in the cell with the participation of certain autophagy proteins (Beclin-1, VPS34, UVRAG, ATG5, ATG12, ATG7, ATG4, ATG4, LC3). The phagosome is enriched with LC3 protein molecules and fused with lysosomes, in which the captured “cargo” is then lysed. As a part of our work, a detailed analysis of some key protein contents at the LAP pathway was carried out for peripheral blood monocytes of patients with severe bronchial asthma. It was found that the expression of Rubicon protein is increased, thus allowing to conclude that the LAP pathway is activated in monocytes of healthy donors, thus allowing phagocytosis of dying T cells. At the same time, the components characteristic of both autophagy and LC3-associated phagocytosis are activated in the monocytes of patients with severe atopic asthma. However, one should note that decreased expression of the Rubicon protein, a putative marker of LC3-associated phagocytosis, has been clearly confirmed.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Rubicon</kwd><kwd>LС3-ассоицированный фагоцитоз</kwd><kwd>аутофагия</kwd><kwd>моноциты</kwd><kwd>атопическая бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>LC3</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Rubicon protein</kwd><kwd>phagocytosis</kwd><kwd>LC3-associated</kwd><kwd>autophagy</kwd><kwd>monocytes</kwd><kwd>atopic bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>LC3</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств субсидии, выделенной в рамках государственной поддержки Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета в целях повышения его конкурентоспособности среди ведущих мировых научнообразовательных центров (Приоритет – 2030).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Деев Р.В., Билялов А.И., Жампеисов Т.М. Современные представления о клеточной гибели // Гены и Клетки, 2018. Т. 13, № 1. С. 6-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deev R.V., Bilyalov A.I., Zhampeisov T.M. Modern ideas about cell death. Geny i Kletki = Genes and Cells, 2018, Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 6-19. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибрагимов Б.Р., Скибо Ю.В., Абрамова З.И. Аутофагия и LC3-ассоциированный фагоцитоз: сходства и различия // Медицинская иммунология, 2023. Т. 25, № 2. С. 233-252. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-AAL-2569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibragimov B.R., Skibo Yu.V., Abramova Z.I. Autophagy and LC3-associated phagocytosis: similarities and differences. Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2023, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 233-252. (In Russ.) doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-AAL-2569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скибо Ю.В., Тихомирова М.В., Абрамов С.Н., Биктагирова Э.М., Решетникова И.Д., Акберова Н.И., Абрамова З.И. Анализ экспрессии ключевых белков-регуляторов апоптоза и аутофагии в Т-лимфоцитах больных бронхиальной астмой // Ученые записки Казанского университета. Серия естественные науки, 2019 . Т. 161, № 4. С. 505-520.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skibo Yu.V., Tikhomirova M.V., Abramov S.N., Biktagirova E.M., Reshetnikova I.D., Akberova N.I., Abramova Z.I. Analysis of the expression of key protein regulators of apoptosis and autophagy in T-lymphocytes of patients with bronchial asthma. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Seriya estestvennye nauki = Scientific Notes of Kazan University. Natural Science Series, 2019, Vol. 161, no. 4, pp. 505-520. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скибо Ю.В., Фатхуллина А.Р., Ибрагимов Б.Р., Абрамов С.Н., Исмагилова Р.Р., Биктагирова Э.М., Андрианова И.А., Максудова А.Н., Абрамова З.И. Индукция апоптоза и аутофагии в Т-лимфоцитах пациентов с системной красной волчанкой // Казанский медицинский журнал, 2020. Т. 101, № 3. С. 347-355.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skibo Yu.V., Fathullina A.R., Ibragimov B.R., Abramov S.N., Ismagilova R.R., Biktagirova E.M., Andrianova I.A., Maksudova A.N., Abramova Z.I. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy in T-lymphocytes of patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Kazanskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Kazan Medical Journal, 2020, Vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 347-355. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смольникова М.В., Смирнова С.В., Ильенкова Н.А., Коноплева О.С. Иммунологические маркеры неконтролируемого течения атопической бронхиальной астмы у детей // Медицинская иммунология, 2017. Т. 19, № 4. С. 453-460. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2017-4-453-460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smolnikova M.V., Smirnova S.V., Ilyenkova N.A., Konopleva O.S. Immunological markers of uncontrolled atopic bronchial asthma in children. Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2017, Vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 453-460. (In Russ.) doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2017-4-453-460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ярилин А.А., Никонова М.Ф., Ярилина А.А., Варфоломеева М.И., Григорьева Т.Ю. Апоптоз, роль в патологии и значимость его оценки при клинико-иммунологическом обследовании больных// Медицинская иммунология, 2000. Т. 2, № 1. С. 7-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yarilin A.A., Nikonova M.F., Yarilina A.A., Varfolomeeva M.I., Grigorieva T.Yu. Apoptosis, imortance of its evaluation in immunopathological states. Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2000, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7-16. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aguirre L.A., Montalbán-Hernández K., Avendaño-Ortiz J., Marín E., Lozano R., Toledano V., SánchezMaroto L., Terrón V., Valentín J., Pulido E., Casalvilla J.C., Rubio C., Diekhorst L., Laso-García F., Del Fresno C., Collazo-Lorduy A., Jiménez-Munarriz B., Gómez-Campelo P., Llanos-González E., Fernández-Velasco M., Rodríguez-Antolín C., Pérez de Diego R., Cantero-Cid R., Hernádez-Jimenez E., Álvarez E., Rosas R., Dies López-Ayllón B., de Castro J., Wculek S.K., Cubillos-Zapata C., Ibáñez de Cáceres I., Díaz-Agero P., Gutiérrez Fernández M., Paz de Miguel M., Sancho D., Schulte L., Perona R., Belda-Iniesta C., Boscá L., López-Collazo E. Tumor stem cells fuse with monocytes to form highly invasive tumor-hybrid cells. Oncoimmunology, 2020, Vol. 9, no. 1, 1773204. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2020.1773204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aguirre L.A., Montalbán-Hernández K., Avendaño-Ortiz J., Marín E., Lozano R., Toledano V., SánchezMaroto L., Terrón V., Valentín J., Pulido E., Casalvilla J.C., Rubio C., Diekhorst L., Laso-García F., Del Fresno C., Collazo-Lorduy A., Jiménez-Munarriz B., Gómez-Campelo P., Llanos-González E., Fernández-Velasco M., Rodríguez-Antolín C., Pérez de Diego R., Cantero-Cid R., Hernádez-Jimenez E., Álvarez E., Rosas R., Dies LópezAyllón B., de Castro J., Wculek S.K., Cubillos-Zapata C., Ibáñez de Cáceres I., Díaz-Agero P., Gutiérrez Fernández M., Paz de Miguel M., Sancho D., Schulte L., Perona R., Belda-Iniesta C., Boscá L., López-Collazo E. Tumor stem cells fuse with monocytes to form highly invasive tumor-hybrid cells. Oncoimmunology, 2020, Vol. 9, no. 1, 1773204. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2020.1773204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arteaga-Blanco L.A., Mojoli A., Monteiro R.Q., Sandim V., Menna-Barreto R.F.S., Pereira-Dutra F.S., Bozza P.T., Resende R.O., Bou-Habib D.C. Characterization and internalization of small extracellular vesicles released by human primary macrophages derived from circulating monocytes. PloS One, 2020, Vol. 15, no. 8, e0237795. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237795.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arteaga-Blanco L.A., Mojoli A., Monteiro R.Q., Sandim V., Menna-Barreto R.F.S., Pereira-Dutra F.S., Bozza P.T., Resende R.O., Bou-Habib D.C. Characterization and internalization of small extracellular vesicles released by human primary macrophages derived from circulating monocytes. PloS One, 2020, Vol. 15, no. 8, e0237795. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237795.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boada-Romero E., Martinez J., Heckmann B.L., Green D.R. The clearance of dead cells by efferocytosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2020, Vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 398-414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boada-Romero E., Martinez J., Heckmann B.L., Green D.R. The clearance of dead cells by efferocytosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2020, Vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 398-414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costa G.M.J., Lacerda S.M.S.N., Figueiredo A.F.A., Wnuk N.T., Brener M.R.G., Andrade L.M., Campolina-Silva G.H., Kauffmann-Zeh A., Pacifico L.G.G., Versiani A. F., Antunes M.M., Souza F.R., Cassali G.D., Caldeira-Brant A.L., Chiarini-Garcia H., de Souza F.G., Costa V.V., da Fonseca F.G., Nogueira M.L., Campos G.R.F., Kangussu L.M., Martins E.M.N., Antonio L.M., Bittar C., Rahal P., Aguiar R.S., Mendes B.P., Procópio M.S., Furtado T.P., Guimaraes Y.L., Menezes G.B., Martinez-Marchal A., Orwig K.E., Brieño-Enríquez M., Furtado M.H. High SARS-CoV-2 tropism and activation of immune cells in the testes of non-vaccinated deceased COVID-19 patients. BMC Biol., 2023, Vol. 21, no. 1, 36. doi: 10.1186/s12915-022-01497-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costa G.M.J., Lacerda S.M.S.N., Figueiredo A.F.A., Wnuk N.T., Brener M.R.G., Andrade L.M., CampolinaSilva G.H., Kauffmann-Zeh A., Pacifico L.G.G., Versiani A. F., Antunes M.M., Souza F.R., Cassali G.D., CaldeiraBrant A.L., Chiarini-Garcia H., de Souza F.G., Costa V.V., da Fonseca F.G., Nogueira M.L., Campos G.R.F., Kangussu L.M., Martins E.M.N., Antonio L.M., Bittar C., Rahal P., Aguiar R.S., Mendes B.P., Procópio M.S., Furtado T.P., Guimaraes Y.L., Menezes G.B., Martinez-Marchal A., Orwig K.E., Brieño-Enríquez M., Furtado M.H. High SARS-CoV-2 tropism and activation of immune cells in the testes of non-vaccinated deceased COVID-19 patients. BMC Biol., 2023, Vol. 21, no. 1, 36. doi: 10.1186/s12915-022-01497-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cunha L.D., Yang M., Carter R., Guy C., Harris L., Crawford J.C., Quarato G., Boada-Romero E., Kalkavan H., Johnson M.D.L., Natarajan S., Turnis M.E., Finkelstein D., Opferman J.T., Gawad C., Green D.R. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Myeloid Cells Promotes Tumor Immune Tolerance. Cell, 2018, Vol. 175, no. 2, pp. 429-441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cunha L.D., Yang M., Carter R., Guy C., Harris L., Crawford J.C., Quarato G., Boada-Romero E., Kalkavan H., Johnson M.D.L., Natarajan S., Turnis M.E., Finkelstein D., Opferman J.T., Gawad C., Green D.R. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Myeloid Cells Promotes Tumor Immune Tolerance. Cell, 2018, Vol. 175, no. 2, pp. 429-441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Florey O., Kim S.E., Sandoval C.P., Haynes C.M., Overholtzer M. Autophagy machinery mediates macroendocytic processing and entotic cell death by targeting single membranes. Nat. Cell Biol., 2011, Vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1335-1343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Florey O., Kim S.E., Sandoval C.P., Haynes C.M., Overholtzer M. Autophagy machinery mediates macroendocytic processing and entotic cell death by targeting single membranes. Nat. Cell Biol., 2011, Vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1335-1343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gomzikova M.O., Zhuravleva M.N., Miftakhova R.R., Arkhipova S.S., Evtugin V.G., Khaiboullina S.F., Kiyasov A.P., Persson J.L., Mongan N.P., Pestell R.G., Rizvanov A.A. Cytochalasin B-induced membrane vesicles convey angiogenic activity of parental cells. Oncotarget, 2017, Vol. 8, no. 41, pp. 70496-70507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gomzikova M.O., Zhuravleva M.N., Miftakhova R.R., Arkhipova S.S., Evtugin V.G., Khaiboullina S.F., Kiyasov A.P., Persson J.L., Mongan N.P., Pestell R.G., Rizvanov A.A. Cytochalasin B-induced membrane vesicles convey angiogenic activity of parental cells. Oncotarget, 2017, Vol. 8, no. 41, pp. 70496-70507.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heckmann B.L., Boada-Romero E., Cunha L.D., Magne J., Green D.R. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and Inflammation. J. Mol. Biol., 2017, Vol. 429, no. 23, pp. 3561-3576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heckmann B.L., Boada-Romero E., Cunha L.D., Magne J., Green D.R. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and Inflammation. J. Mol. Biol., 2017, Vol. 429, no. 23, pp. 3561-3576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heckmann B.L., Teubner B.J.W., Tummers B., Boada-Romero E., Harris L., Yang M., Guy C.S., Zakharenko S.S., Green D.R. LC3-Associated Endocytosis Facilitates β-Amyloid Clearance and Mitigates Neurodegeneration in Murine Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell, 2019, Vol. 178, no. 3, pp. 536-551.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heckmann B.L., Teubner B.J.W., Tummers B., Boada-Romero E., Harris L., Yang M., Guy C.S., Zakharenko S.S., Green D.R. LC3-Associated Endocytosis Facilitates β-Amyloid Clearance and Mitigates Neurodegeneration in Murine Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell, 2019, Vol. 178, no. 3, pp. 536-551.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herb M., Gluschko A., Schramm M. LC3-associated phagocytosis – The highway to hell for phagocytosed microbes. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 2020, Vol. 101, pp. 68-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herb M., Gluschko A., Schramm M. LC3-associated phagocytosis – The highway to hell for phagocytosed microbes. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 2020, Vol. 101, pp. 68-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inomata M., Xu S., Chandra P., Meydani S.N., Takemura G., Philips J.A., Leong J.M. Macrophage LC3- associated phagocytosis is an immune defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae that diminishes with host aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2020, Vol. 117, no. 52, pp. 33561-33569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inomata M., Xu S., Chandra P., Meydani S.N., Takemura G., Philips J.A., Leong J.M. Macrophage LC3- associated phagocytosis is an immune defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae that diminishes with host aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2020, Vol. 117, no. 52, pp. 33561-33569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishii K.J., Kawagoe T., Koyama S., Matsui K., Kumar H., Kawai T., Uematsu S., Takeuchi O., Takeshita F., Coban C., Akira S. TANK-binding kinase-1 delineates innate and adaptive immune responses to DNA vaccines. Nature, 2008, Vol. 451, no. 7179, pp. 725-729.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishii K.J., Kawagoe T., Koyama S., Matsui K., Kumar H., Kawai T., Uematsu S., Takeuchi O., Takeshita F., Coban C., Akira S. TANK-binding kinase-1 delineates innate and adaptive immune responses to DNA vaccines. Nature, 2008, Vol. 451, no. 7179, pp. 725-729.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ji W.J., Ma Y.Q., Zhou X., Zhang Y.D., Lu R.Y., Sun H.Y., Z.Z. G., Zhang Z., Li Y.M., Wei L.Q. Temporal and spatial characterization of mononuclear phagocytes in circulating, lung alveolar and interstitial compartments in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury. J. Immunol. Met., 2014, Vol. 403, no. 1-2, pp. 7-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ji W.J., Ma Y.Q., Zhou X., Zhang Y.D., Lu R.Y., Sun H.Y., Z.Z. G., Zhang Z., Li Y.M., Wei L.Q. Temporal and spatial characterization of mononuclear phagocytes in circulating, lung alveolar and interstitial compartments in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury. J. Immunol. Met., 2014, Vol. 403, no. 1-2, pp. 7-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelley S.M., Ravichandran K.S. Putting the brakes on phagocytosis: “don’t-eat-me” signaling in physiology and disease. EMBO Rep., 2021, Vol. 22, no. 6, e52564. doi: 10.15252/embr.202152564.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelley S.M., Ravichandran K.S. Putting the brakes on phagocytosis: “don’t-eat-me” signaling in physiology and disease. EMBO Rep., 2021, Vol. 22, no. 6, e52564. doi: 10.15252/embr.202152564.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambrecht B.N., Hammad H. The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1076-1083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambrecht B.N., Hammad H. The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1076-1083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li C.H., Tsai M.L., Chiou H.C., Lin Y.C., Liao W.T., Hung C.H. Role of Macrophages in Air Pollution Exposure Related Asthma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022. Vol. 23, no. 20, 12337. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012337.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li C.H., Tsai M.L., Chiou H.C., Lin Y.C., Liao W.T., Hung C.H. Role of Macrophages in Air Pollution Exposure Related Asthma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022. Vol. 23, no. 20, 12337. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012337.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li T., Kong L., Li X., Wu S., Attri K. S., Li Y., Gong W., Zhao B., Li L., Herring L.E., Asara J. M., Xu L., Luo X., Lei Y.L., Ma Q., Seveau S., Gunn J.S., Cheng X., Singh P.K., Green D.R., Wang H., Wen H. Listeria monocytogenes upregulates mitochondrial calcium signalling to inhibit LC3-associated phagocytosis as a survival strategy. Nat. Microbiol., 2021, Vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 366-379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li T., Kong L., Li X., Wu S., Attri K. S., Li Y., Gong W., Zhao B., Li L., Herring L.E., Asara J. M., Xu L., Luo X., Lei Y.L., Ma Q., Seveau S., Gunn J.S., Cheng X., Singh P.K., Green D.R., Wang H., Wen H. Listeria monocytogenes upregulates mitochondrial calcium signalling to inhibit LC3-associated phagocytosis as a survival strategy. Nat. Microbiol., 2021, Vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 366-379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Yong Y.L., Yang M., Wang W., Qu X., Dang X., Shang D., Shao Y., Liu J., Chang Y. Fine particulate matter inhibits phagocytosis of macrophages by disturbing autophagy. FASEB J., 2020, Vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 16716-16735.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Yong Y.L., Yang M., Wang W., Qu X., Dang X., Shang D., Shao Y., Liu J., Chang Y. Fine particulate matter inhibits phagocytosis of macrophages by disturbing autophagy. FASEB J., 2020, Vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 16716-16735.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim J., Park H., Heisler J., Maculins T., Roose-Girma M., Xu M., Mckenzie B., van Lookeren Campagne M., Newton K., Murthy A. Autophagy regulates inflammatory programmed cell death via turnover of RHIM-domain proteins. eLife, 2019, Vol. 8, e44452. doi: 10.7554/eLife.44452.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim J., Park H., Heisler J., Maculins T., Roose-Girma M., Xu M., Mckenzie B., van Lookeren Campagne M., Newton K., Murthy A. Autophagy regulates inflammatory programmed cell death via turnover of RHIM-domain proteins. eLife, 2019, Vol. 8, e44452. doi: 10.7554/eLife.44452.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magné J., Green D.R. LC3-associated endocytosis and the functions of Rubicon and ATG16L1. Sci. Adv., 2022, Vol. 8, no. 43, eabo5600. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5600.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magné J., Green D.R. LC3-associated endocytosis and the functions of Rubicon and ATG16L1. Sci. Adv., 2022, Vol. 8, no. 43, eabo5600. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5600.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez J., Cunha L.D., Park S., Yang M., Lu Q., Orchard R., Li Q.Z., Yan M., Janke L., Guy C., Linkermann A., Virgin H.W., Green D.R. Corrigendum: Noncanonical autophagy inhibits the autoinflammatory, lupus-like response to dying cells. Nature, 2016, Vol. 539, no. 7627, 124. doi: 10.1038/nature19837.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez J., Cunha L.D., Park S., Yang M., Lu Q., Orchard R., Li Q.Z., Yan M., Janke L., Guy C., Linkermann A., Virgin H.W., Green D.R. Corrigendum: Noncanonical autophagy inhibits the autoinflammatory, lupus-like response to dying cells. Nature, 2016, Vol. 539, no. 7627, 124. doi: 10.1038/nature19837.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masud S., Prajsnar T.K., Torraca V., Lamers G.E.M., Benning M., Vaart M.V.D., Meijer A.H. Macrophages target Salmonella by Lc3-associated phagocytosis in a systemic infection model. Autophagy, 2019, Vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 796-812.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masud S., Prajsnar T.K., Torraca V., Lamers G.E.M., Benning M., Vaart M.V.D., Meijer A.H. Macrophages target Salmonella by Lc3-associated phagocytosis in a systemic infection model. Autophagy, 2019, Vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 796-812.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masud S., van der Burg L., Storm L., Prajsnar T.K., Meijer A.H. Rubicon-Dependent Lc3 Recruitment to Salmonella-Containing Phagosomes Is a Host Defense Mechanism Triggered Independently From Major Bacterial Virulence Factors. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2019, Vol. 9, 279. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masud S., van der Burg L., Storm L., Prajsnar T.K., Meijer A.H. Rubicon-Dependent Lc3 Recruitment to Salmonella-Containing Phagosomes Is a Host Defense Mechanism Triggered Independently From Major Bacterial Virulence Factors. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2019, Vol. 9, 279. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsunaga K., Saitoh T., Tabata K., Omori H., Satoh T., Kurotori N., Maejima I., Shirahama-Noda K., Ichimura T., Isobe T., Akira S., Noda T., Yoshimori T. Two Beclin 1-binding proteins, Atg14L and Rubicon, reciprocally regulate autophagy at different stages. Nat. Cell Biol., 2009, Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 385-396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsunaga K., Saitoh T., Tabata K., Omori H., Satoh T., Kurotori N., Maejima I., Shirahama-Noda K., Ichimura T., Isobe T., Akira S., Noda T., Yoshimori T. Two Beclin 1-binding proteins, Atg14L and Rubicon, reciprocally regulate autophagy at different stages. Nat. Cell Biol., 2009, Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 385-396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehta P., Henault J., Kolbeck R., Sanjuan M.A. Noncanonical autophagy: one small step for LC3, one giant leap for immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 26, pp. 69-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehta P., Henault J., Kolbeck R., Sanjuan M.A. Noncanonical autophagy: one small step for LC3, one giant leap for immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 26, pp. 69-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minnullina L., Kostennikova Z., Evtugin V., Akosah Y., Sharipova M., Mardanova A. Diversity in the swimming motility and flagellar regulon structure of uropathogenic Morganella morganii strains. Int. Microbiol., 2022, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 111-122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minnullina L., Kostennikova Z., Evtugin V., Akosah Y., Sharipova M., Mardanova A. Diversity in the swimming motility and flagellar regulon structure of uropathogenic Morganella morganii strains. Int. Microbiol., 2022, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 111-122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morioka S., Maueröder C., Ravichandran K.S. Living on the Edge: Efferocytosis at the Interface of Homeostasis and Pathology. Immunity, 2019, Vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1149-1162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morioka S., Maueröder C., Ravichandran K.S. Living on the Edge: Efferocytosis at the Interface of Homeostasis and Pathology. Immunity, 2019, Vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1149-1162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynolds E.S. The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol., 1963, Vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 208-212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynolds E.S. The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol., 1963, Vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 208-212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanjuan M.A., Dillon C.P., Tait S.W., Moshiach S., Dorsey F., Connell S., Komatsu M., Tanaka K., Cleveland J.L., Withoff S., Green D.R. Toll-like receptor signalling in macrophages links the autophagy pathway to phagocytosis. Nature, 2007, Vol. 450, no. 7173, pp. 1253-1257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanjuan M.A., Dillon C.P., Tait S.W., Moshiach S., Dorsey F., Connell S., Komatsu M., Tanaka K., Cleveland J.L., Withoff S., Green D.R. Toll-like receptor signalling in macrophages links the autophagy pathway to phagocytosis. Nature, 2007, Vol. 450, no. 7173, pp. 1253-1257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun Q., Westphal W., Wong K.N., Tan I., Zhong Q. Rubicon controls endosome maturation as a Rab7 effector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2010, Vol. 107, no. 45, pp. 19338-19343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun Q., Westphal W., Wong K.N., Tan I., Zhong Q. Rubicon controls endosome maturation as a Rab7 effector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2010, Vol. 107, no. 45, pp. 19338-19343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tabata K., Matsunaga K., Sakane A., Sasaki T., Noda T., Yoshimori T. Rubicon and PLEKHM1 negatively regulate the endocytic/autophagic pathway via a novel Rab7-binding domain. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2010, Vol. 21, no. 23, pp. 4162-4172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabata K., Matsunaga K., Sakane A., Sasaki T., Noda T., Yoshimori T. Rubicon and PLEKHM1 negatively regulate the endocytic/autophagic pathway via a novel Rab7-binding domain. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2010, Vol. 21, no. 23, pp. 4162-4172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang C.S., Lee J.S., Rodgers M., Min C.K., Lee J.Y., Kim H.J., Lee K.H., Kim C.J., Oh B., Zandi E., Yue Z., Kramnik I., Liang C., Jung J.U. Autophagy protein Rubicon mediates phagocytic NADPH oxidase activation in response to microbial infection or TLR stimulation. Cell Host Microbe, 2012, Vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 264-276.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang C.S., Lee J.S., Rodgers M., Min C.K., Lee J.Y., Kim H.J., Lee K.H., Kim C.J., Oh B., Zandi E., Yue Z., Kramnik I., Liang C., Jung J.U. Autophagy protein Rubicon mediates phagocytic NADPH oxidase activation in response to microbial infection or TLR stimulation. Cell Host Microbe, 2012, Vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 264-276.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang P., Zhu J., Zhang L., Lv X., Guo D., Liao L., Huang S., Peng Z. The Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Autophagy in Human Macrophages Stimulated by Cigarette Smoke Extract. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.), 2023, Vol. 28, no. 3, 50. doi: 10.31083/j.fbl2803050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang P., Zhu J., Zhang L., Lv X., Guo D., Liao L., Huang S., Peng Z. The Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Autophagy in Human Macrophages Stimulated by Cigarette Smoke Extract. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.), 2023, Vol. 28, no. 3, 50. doi: 10.31083/j.fbl2803050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhong Y., Wang Q.J., Li X., Yan Y., Backer J.M., Chait B.T., Heintz N., Yue Z. Distinct regulation of autophagic activity by Atg14L and Rubicon associated with Beclin 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex. Nat. Cell Biol., 2009, Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 468-476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhong Y., Wang Q.J., Li X., Yan Y., Backer J.M., Chait B.T., Heintz N., Yue Z. Distinct regulation of autophagic activity by Atg14L and Rubicon associated with Beclin 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex. Nat. Cell Biol., 2009, Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 468-476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
