<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-FEO-2734</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2734</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SHORT COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Функциональное истощение CD4+Т-клеток у ВИЧ/ВГС-коинфицированных пациентов, получающих высокоактивную антиретровирусную терапию</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Functional exhaustion of CD4+T cells in HIV/HCV coinfected HAART-treated patients</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1656-7277</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власова</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasova</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Власова В.В. – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии </p><p>г. Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vlasova V.V., Junior Research Associate, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">violetbaudelaire73@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9840-7578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Королевская</surname><given-names>Л. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korolevskaya</surname><given-names>L. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Королевская Л.Б. – к.м.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории экологической иммунологии </p><p>г. Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Korolevskaya L.B., PhD (Medicine), Research Associate, Laboratory of Ecological Immunology </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bioqueen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6050-8656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логинова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Loginova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Логинова О.А. – к.б.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии </p><p>г. Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Loginova O.A., PhD (Biology), Research Associate, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">jallopukki@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-3620</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмагель</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmagel</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шмагель Н.Г. – д.м.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории экологической иммунологии </p><p>г. Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shmagel N.G., PhD, MD (Medicine), Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Ecological Immunology </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shmagel_ng@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4342-5362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сайдакова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saidakova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сайдакова Е.В. – д.б.н., заведующая лабораторией молекулярной иммунологии </p><p>г. Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saidakova E.V., PhD, MD (Biology), Head, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">radimira@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт экологии и генетики микроорганизмов Уральского отделения Российской академии наук – филиал ФГБУН «Пермский федеральный исследовательский центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>837</fpage><lpage>844</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Власова В.В., Королевская Л.Б., Логинова О.А., Шмагель Н.Г., Сайдакова Е.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Власова В.В., Королевская Л.Б., Логинова О.А., Шмагель Н.Г., Сайдакова Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vlasova V.V., Korolevskaya L.B., Loginova O.A., Shmagel N.G., Saidakova E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2734">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2734</self-uri><abstract><p>ВГС-коинфекция широко распространена среди ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов. В России до 50% ВИЧ-позитивных больных коинфицированы ВГС. Применение высокоактивной антиретровирусной терапии (ВААРТ), в большинстве случаев, приводит к подавлению репликации ВИЧ и восстановлению иммунной системы ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов. Однако ВГСкоинфекция препятствует эффективному восстановлению CD4+T-клеток и повышает риск заболеваемости и смерти ВИЧ-инфицированных больных, получающих ВААРТ. Известно, что скорость прогрессии ВИЧ-инфекции и эффективность восстановления иммунной системы на фоне приема ВААРТ в значительной мере зависят от уровня активации иммунной системы и степени истощения CD4+Т-клеток. Целью настоящей работы было определение уровня активации и истощения, а также цитокин-продуцирующей функции CD4+Т-клеток, полученных из крови получающих ВААРТ ВИЧ/ ВГС-коинфицированных и ВИЧ-моноинфицированных больных. В исследование были включены ВИЧ/ВГС-коинфицированные (n = 11) и ВИЧ-моноинфицированные (n = 10) пациенты, получающие ВААРТ более двух лет. В контрольную группу вошли 10 добровольцев без признаков ВИЧ- и ВГС-инфекций. Было установлено, что у ВИЧ/ВГС-коинфицированных пациентов, в сравнении со здоровыми людьми, повышены следующие показатели: доля активированных CD38+HLA-DR+ CD4+Т-лимфоцитов (p &lt; 0,05), уровень истощения CD4+Т-клеток, определенный по плотности экспрессии TIGIT на поверхности каждой клетки (p &lt; 0,05), и число CD4+Т-лимфоцитов, способных производить интерферон-гамма (IFNγ) после активации (p &lt; 0,05). Относительное число IFNγ-продуцирующих CD4+Т-лимфоцитов в крови доноров позитивно коррелировало с долей активированных CD4+Т-клеток (R = 0,514, p &lt; 0,01). Важно отметить, что, несмотря на большое количество IFNγ-продуцирующих CD4+Т-лимфоцитов, средняя продукция этого цитокина в CD4+Тклетках ВИЧ/ВГС-коинфицированных больных была существенно ниже, чем у здоровых субъектов (p &lt; 0,05). Продукция IFNγ в CD4+Т-лимфоцитах не зависела от степени их активации (p &gt; 0,05). Негативная корреляционная связь была установлена между содержанием IFNγ и уровнем истощения CD4+Т-клеток (R = -0,400, p &lt; 0,05). Показатели истощения CD4+Т-лимфоцитов также обратно коррелировали с содержанием CD4+Т-клеток в крови (R = -0,598, p &lt; 0,01). Полученные сведения позволяют предположить, что ВГС-коинфекция приводит к выраженному функциональному истощению CD4+Т-клеток и тем самым может отягощать течение ВИЧ-инфекции у пациентов, принимающих ВААРТ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common among HIV-positive patients, with up to 50% of them being coinfected in Russia. While highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suppresses HIV replication and restores the immune system of HIV-infected subjects, HCV coinfection interferes with CD4+T cell regeneration and increases the risk of patients’ morbidity and mortality. During HAART, HIVinfection progression and the immune system restoration efficiency largely depend on immune activation and CD4+T cell exhaustion. This study determined the level of activation, exhaustion, and cytokine production in CD4+T cells obtained from the peripheral blood of HAART-treated HIV/HCV coinfected and HIV monoinfected subjects. The study comprised 11 HIV/HCV coinfected individuals and 10 HIV monoinfected patients receiving HAART for more than two years, with a control group of 10 volunteers without the signs of HIV or HCV infections. Compared with healthy controls, HIV/HCV coinfected patients had an increased frequency of activated CD38+HLA-DR+ CD4+T lymphocytes (p &lt; 0.05), a higher level of CD4+T cell exhaustion determined according to the TIGIT expression density per cell (p &lt; 0.05), and a greater proportion of interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-producing CD4+T lymphocytes following activation (p &lt; 0.05). The frequency of IFNγ-producing CD4+T cells in the donors’ blood positively correlated with the proportion of activated CD4+T cells (R = 0.514, p &lt; 0.01). Despite having a large number of IFNγ-producing CD4+T lymphocytes, the HIV/HCV coinfected patients’ average production of IFNγ by CD4+T cells was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (p &lt; 0.05). The IFNγ production in CD4+T lymphocytes did not depend on activation (p &gt; 0.05). However, a negative correlation was established between the IFNγ production and the level of CD4+T cell exhaustion (R = -0.400, p &lt; 0.05). The letter was also found to inversely correlate with the CD4+T cell counts in the donors’ peripheral blood (R = -0.598, p &lt; 0.01). These data suggest that HCV coinfection leads to pronounced functional exhaustion of CD4+T cells and may aggravate the course of HIVinfection in patients receiving HAART.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd><kwd>гепатит С</kwd><kwd>CD4+Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>иммунная активация</kwd><kwd>иммунное истощение</kwd><kwd>продукция цитокинов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV-infection</kwd><kwd>hepatitis C</kwd><kwd>CD4+T cells</kwd><kwd>immune activation</kwd><kwd>immune exhaustion</kwd><kwd>cytokine production</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen T.Y., Ding E.L., Seage III G.R., Kim A.Y. Meta-analysis: increased mortality associated with hepatitis C in HIV-infected persons is unrelated to HIV disease progression. Clin Infect Dis, 2009, Vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 1605-1615.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen T.Y., Ding E.L., Seage III G.R., Kim A.Y. Meta-analysis: increased mortality associated with hepatitis C in HIV-infected persons is unrelated to HIV disease progression. Clin Infect Dis, 2009, Vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 1605-1615.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chew G.M., Fujita T., Webb G.M., Burwitz B.J., Wu H.L., Reed J.S., Hammond K.B., Clayton, K.L., Ishii N., Abdel-Mohsen M., Liegler T., Mitchell B.I., Hecht F.M., Ostrowski M., Shikuma C.M., Hansen S.G., Maurer M., Korman A.J., Deeks S.G., Sacha J.B., Ndhlovu L.C. TIGIT marks exhausted T Cells, correlates with disease progression, and serves as a target for immune restoration in HIV and SIV infection. PLoS Pathog., 2016, Vol. 12, no. 1, e1005349. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chew G.M., Fujita T., Webb G.M., Burwitz B.J., Wu H.L., Reed J.S., Hammond K.B., Clayton, K.L., Ishii N., Abdel-Mohsen M., Liegler T., Mitchell B.I., Hecht F.M., Ostrowski M., Shikuma C.M., Hansen S.G., Maurer M., Korman A.J., Deeks S.G., Sacha J.B., Ndhlovu L.C. TIGIT marks exhausted T Cells, correlates with disease progression, and serves as a target for immune restoration in HIV and SIV infection. PLoS Pathog., 2016, Vol. 12, no. 1, e1005349. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005349.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">d’Arminio Monforte A., Cozzi-Lepri A., Castagna A., Antinori A., de Luca A., Mussini C., Caputo S.L., Arlotti M., Magnani G., Pellizzer G., Maggiolo F., Puoti M., Icona Foundation Study Group. Risk of developing specific AIDS-defining illnesses in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus with or without liver cirrhosis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2009, Vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 612-622.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">d’Arminio Monforte A., Cozzi-Lepri A., Castagna A., Antinori A., de Luca A., Mussini C., Caputo S.L., Arlotti M., Magnani G., Pellizzer G., Maggiolo F., Puoti M., Icona Foundation Study Group. Risk of developing specific AIDS-defining illnesses in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus with or without liver cirrhosis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2009, Vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 612-622.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feuth T., Arends J.E., Fransen J.H., Nanlohy N.M., van Erpecum K.J., Siersema P.D., Hoepelman A.I.M., van Baarle D. Complementary role of HCV and HIV in T-cell activation and exhaustion in HIV/HCV coinfection. PLoS One, 2013, Vol. 8, no. 3, e59302. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feuth T., Arends J.E., Fransen J.H., Nanlohy N.M., van Erpecum K.J., Siersema P.D., Hoepelman A.I.M., van Baarle D. Complementary role of HCV and HIV in T-cell activation and exhaustion in HIV/HCV coinfection. PLoS One, 2013, Vol. 8, no. 3, e59302. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freeman G.J., Wherry E.J., Ahmed R., Sharpe A.H. Reinvigorating exhausted HIV-specific T cells via PD-1-PD-1 ligand blockade. J. Exp. Med., 2006, Vol. 203, no. 10, pp. 2223-2227.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freeman G.J., Wherry E.J., Ahmed R., Sharpe A.H. Reinvigorating exhausted HIV-specific T cells via PD-1-PD-1 ligand blockade. J. Exp. Med., 2006, Vol. 203, no. 10, pp. 2223-2227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guihot A., Tubiana R., Breton G., Marcelin A.G., Samri A., Assoumou L., Goncalves E., Bricaire F., Costagliola D., Calvez V., Rouzioux С., Autran B., Katlama C., Carcelain G., ALT-ANRS CO-15 study group, DECAMUNE study group. Immune and virological benefits of 10 years of permanent viral control with antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 2010, Vol. 24, no.4, pp. 614-617.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guihot A., Tubiana R., Breton G., Marcelin A.G., Samri A., Assoumou L., Goncalves E., Bricaire F., Costagliola D., Calvez V., Rouzioux С., Autran B., Katlama C., Carcelain G., ALT-ANRS CO-15 study group, DECAMUNE study group. Immune and virological benefits of 10 years of permanent viral control with antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 2010, Vol. 24, no.4, pp. 614-617.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hernandez M.D., Sherman K.E. HIV/hepatitis C coinfection natural history and disease progression. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 2011, Vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 478-482.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernandez M.D., Sherman K.E. HIV/hepatitis C coinfection natural history and disease progression. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 2011, Vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 478-482.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joller N., Kuchroo V.K. Tim-3, Lag-3, and TIGIT. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 410, pp. 127-156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joller N., Kuchroo V.K. Tim-3, Lag-3, and TIGIT. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 410, pp. 127-156.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okoye A.A., Picker L.J. CD4(+) T-cell depletion in HIV infection: mechanisms of immunological failure. Immunol. Rev., 2013, Vol. 254, no. 1, pp. 54-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okoye A.A., Picker L.J. CD4(+) T-cell depletion in HIV infection: mechanisms of immunological failure. Immunol. Rev., 2013, Vol. 254, no. 1, pp. 54-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Operskalski E.A., Kovacs A. HIV/HCV co-infection: pathogenesis, clinical complications, treatment, and new therapeutic technologies. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 2011, Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 12-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Operskalski E.A., Kovacs A. HIV/HCV co-infection: pathogenesis, clinical complications, treatment, and new therapeutic technologies. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 2011, Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 12-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rallón N., García M., García-Samaniego J., Cabello A., Álvarez B., Restrepo C., Nistal S., Górgolas M., Benito J.M. Expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 markers of T-cell exhaustion is associated with CD4 dynamics during the course of untreated and treated HIV infection. PLoS One, 2018, Vol. 13, no. 3, 0193829. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0193829</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rallón N., García M., García-Samaniego J., Cabello A., Álvarez B., Restrepo C., Nistal S., Górgolas M., Benito J.M. Expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 markers of T-cell exhaustion is associated with CD4 dynamics during the course of untreated and treated HIV infection. PLoS One, 2018, Vol. 13, no. 3, 0193829. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0193829</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shmagel K.V., Saidakova E.V., Shmagel N.G., Korolevskaya L.B., Chereshnev V.A., Robinson J., Grivel J-C., Douek D.C., Margolis L., Anthony D.D., Lederman M.M. Systemic inflammation and liver damage in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection. HIV Med., 2016, Vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 581-589.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shmagel K.V., Saidakova E.V., Shmagel N.G., Korolevskaya L.B., Chereshnev V.A., Robinson J., Grivel J-C., Douek D.C., Margolis L., Anthony D.D., Lederman M.M. Systemic inflammation and liver damage in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection. HIV Med., 2016, Vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 581-589.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon S., Labarriere N. PD-1 expression on tumor-specific T cells: Friend or foe for immunotherapy? Oncoimmunology, 2017, Vol. 7, no. 1, e1364828. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2017.1364828.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon S., Labarriere N. PD-1 expression on tumor-specific T cells: Friend or foe for immunotherapy? Oncoimmunology, 2017, Vol. 7, no. 1, e1364828. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2017.1364828.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taye S., Lakew M. Impact of hepatitis C virus co-infection on HIV patients before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy: an immunological and clinical chemistry observation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Immunol., 2013, Vol. 14, 23. doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taye S., Lakew M. Impact of hepatitis C virus co-infection on HIV patients before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy: an immunological and clinical chemistry observation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Immunol., 2013, Vol. 14, 23. doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zatoloka P.A. Prevalence of concomitant pathology in HIVinfected individuals. Medical Journal, 2017, Vol. 3, no. 61, pp. 95-100. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zatoloka P.A. Prevalence of concomitant pathology in HIVinfected individuals. Medical Journal, 2017, Vol. 3, no. 61, pp. 95-100. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
