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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-IHI-2684</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2684</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SHORT COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Продукты кишечных бактерий ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов препятствуют регенерации CD4+Т-лимфоцитов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>In HIV-infected patients, intestinal bacteria-derived products interfere with CD4+T cell regeneration</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9840-7578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Королевская</surname><given-names>Л. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korolevskaya</surname><given-names>L. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Королевская Л.Б. – к.м.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории экологической иммунологии </p><p>г. Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Korolevskaya L.B., PhD (Medicine), Research Associate, Laboratory of Ecological Immunology </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bioqueen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4342-5362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сайдакова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saidakova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сайдакова Е.В. – д.б.н., заведующая лабораторией молекулярной иммунологии </p><p>г. Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saidakova E.V., PhD, MD (Biology), Head, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">radimira@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-3620</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмагель</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmagel</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шмагель Н.Г. – д.м.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории экологической иммунологии </p><p>г. Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shmagel N.G., PhD, MD (Medicine), Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Ecological Immunology </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shmagel_ng@iegm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6355-6178</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмагель</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmagel</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шмагель К.В. – д.м.н., заведующий лабораторией экологической иммунологии </p><p>г. Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shmagel K.V., PhD, MD (Medicine), Head, Laboratory of Ecological Immunology </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shmagel@iegm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт экологии и генетики микроорганизмов Уральского отделения Российской академии наук – филиал ФГБУН «Пермский федеральный исследовательский центр» Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Ecology and Genetic of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Branch of Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>845</fpage><lpage>850</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Королевская Л.Б., Сайдакова Е.В., Шмагель Н.Г., Шмагель К.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Королевская Л.Б., Сайдакова Е.В., Шмагель Н.Г., Шмагель К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korolevskaya L.B., Saidakova E.V., Shmagel N.G., Shmagel K.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2684">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2684</self-uri><abstract><p>У части ВИЧ-инфицированных больных, несмотря на подавление репликации вируса на фоне приема антиретровирусных препаратов, не происходит эффективного прироста числа периферических CD4+Т-лимфоцитов (иммунный неответ на терапию). Одним из значимых факторов в развитии иммунодефицита считается иммунная активация, причиной которой, среди прочих, является поступление в кровоток бактериальных продуктов в результате нарушения целостности кишечного барьера. Кроме того, микрофлора кишечника продуцирует различные растворенные вещества, которые могут накапливаться в крови и проявлять токсические свойства. Целью настоящей работы была оценка влияния микробных продуктов кишечного происхождения – паракрезол сульфата и индоксил сульфата – на число CD4+Т-лимфоцитов ВИЧ-зараженных пациентов, получающих антиретровирусную терапию. Объектом исследования служила периферическая кровь ВИЧ-инфицированных субъектов с различной эффективностью восстановления иммунной системы на фоне проводимой терапии и неинфицированных доноров. Концентрация IL-6 (р = 0,012), IP-10 (р = 0,0004) и sCD14 (р = 0,003) в плазме крови ВИЧ-зараженных иммунных неответчиков была повышена по сравнению с соответствующими показателями лиц с эффективным восстановлением численности CD4+Т-клеток (иммунные ответчики). Хотя обе группы ВИЧ-позитивных субъектов не различались по уровню липополисахарида и I-FABP в плазме крови, содержание паракрезол сульфата (р = 0,001) и индоксил сульфата (р = 0,042) у иммунных неответчиков было увеличено. В экспериментах in vitro было установлено негативное дозозависимое влияние паракрезол сульфата и индоксил сульфата на жизнеспособность и митотическую активность CD4+Т-лимфоцитов. Таким образом, у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов с нарушенной регенерацией CD4+Т-лимфоцитов на фоне проводимой антиретровирусной терапии отмечается более высокий уровень системного воспаления, чем у субъектов, отвечающих на лечение приростом численности CD4+Т-клеток. Выраженность повреждения кишечного барьера и нагрузка бактериальными компонентами, выходящими в кровоток, у ВИЧ-зараженных лиц с различной эффективностью восстановления иммунитета в ответ на лечение примерно одинаковая. При этом плазма крови иммунных неответчиков значительно обогащена микробными продуктами кишечного происхождения: паракрезол сульфатом и индоксил сульфатом. Выявленное в присутствие данных токсинов существенное снижение пролиферативной способности CD4+Т-клеток, стимулированных в условиях in vitro, и индукция их гибели могут быть одной из причин неэффективного восстановления численности CD4+Т-лимфоцитов у ВИЧ-инфицированных лиц, получающих антиретровирусную терапию.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite successful suppression of viral replication by antiretroviral drugs there is no significant increase in the number of peripheral CD4+T lymphocytes in some HIV-infected patients (immune nonresponse to therapy). One of the crucial factors for immunodeficiency aggravation is immune activation developing in response to the bacterial products entry into the bloodstream through the damaged intestinal barrier. Additionally, the intestinal microflora produces various solutes that accumulate in the blood and exhibit toxic properties. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of intestinal microbial products (para-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate) on the number of CD4+T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The object of the study was the peripheral blood of HIV-infected subjects with different immune system restoration efficiency during the therapy. Uninfected donors were enrolled as healthy controls. Plasma concentrations of IL-6 (p = 0.012), IP-10 (p = 0.0004), and sCD14 (p = 0.003) in HIV-infected immune nonresponders were increased compared with those in individuals with effective restoration of CD4+Tcells (immune responders). Although both groups of HIV-positive subjects did not differ in plasma lipopolysaccharide and I-FABP levels, para-cresol sulfate (p = 0.001) and indoxyl sulfate (p = 0.042) concentrations were increased in immune non-responders. In vitro experiments showed a negative dose-dependent effect of para-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate on the viability and mitotic activity of CD4+T lymphocytes. Thus, in HIV-infected patients with impaired regeneration of CD4+T lymphocytes during antiretroviral therapy, a higher level of systemic inflammation is noted than in subjects responding to treatment with an increase in the number of CD4+T cells. The severity of the intestinal barrier damage and the load of bacterial components released into the bloodstream are approximately the same in HIV-infected individuals with different efficiency of immune recovery in response to treatment. Simultaneously, the blood plasma of immune non-responders is significantly enriched with microbial products of intestinal origin: para-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate. The significant decrease in the proliferative capacity of CD4+T cells stimulated in vitro and the induction of their death in the presence of these toxins may be a reason for the ineffective restoration of the number of CD4+T lymphocytes in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd><kwd>бактериальные токсины</kwd><kwd>кишечник</kwd><kwd>CD4+Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>антиретровирусная терапия</kwd><kwd>регенерация иммунитета</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV infection</kwd><kwd>bacterial toxins</kwd><kwd>intestine</kwd><kwd>CD4+T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>antiretroviral therapy</kwd><kwd>immune regeneration</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания № АААА-А19-119112290007-7.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment No. АААА-А19-119112290007-7.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adesso S., Ruocco M., Rapa S.F., Piaz F.D., Raffaele di Iorio B., Popolo A., Autore G., Nishijima F., Pinto A., Marzocco S. 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