mimmunМедицинская иммунологияMedical Immunology (Russia)1563-06252313-741XSPb RAACI10.15789/1563-0625-MOE-2617mimmun-2617Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSМикроРНК внеклеточных везикул как биомаркеры и регуляторы патологических и физиологических процессовMicroRNA of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and regulators of pathological and physiological processeshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2748-3543МарковаК. Л.MarkovaK. L.

Кандидат биологических наук, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории межклеточных взаимодействий, отдел иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий 

Адрес для переписки:Маркова Ксения Львовна– ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институтакушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологииимени Д.О. Отта»199034, Россия, Санкт-Петербург,Менделеевская линия, 3.Тел.: 8 (812) 323-75-45 (тел./факс), (812) 328-98-50.

PhD (Biology), Junior Research Associate, Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology and Cell Interactions

Address for correspondence:Ksenia L. Markova –D. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics,Gynecology and Reproductology3 Mendeleevskaya LineSt. Petersburg199034 Russian FederationPhone: +7 (812) 323-75-45 (phone/fax), (812) 328-98-50.

kseniyabelyakova129@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5161-369XЗементоваМ. С.ZementovaM. S.

Лаборант-исследователь лаборатории межклеточных взаимодействий, отдел иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий 

Санкт-Петербург

Research Assistant, Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology and Cell Interactions

St. Petersburg

marizementova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6996-8891ВашуковаЕ. С.VashukovaE. S.

Кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник отдела геномной медицины 

Санкт-Петербург

PhD (Biology), Research Associate, Department of Genomic Medicine

St. Petersburg

vi_lena@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-7061ПеревязкинаМ. А.PereviazkinaM. A.

Лаборант-исследователь лаборатории межклеточных взаимодействий, отдел иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий 

Санкт-Петербург

Research Assistant, Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology and Cell Interactions

St. Petersburg

marinaperev17@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1560-7529СельковС. А.SelkovS. A.

Профессор, доктор медицинских наук, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, руководитель отдела иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий 

Санкт-Петербург

PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Honored Scientist of Russian Federation, Head, Department of Immunology and Cell Interactions

St. Petersburg

selkovsa@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-2531СоколовД. И.SokolovD. I.

Профессор, доктор биологических наук,  заведующий лабораторией межклеточных взаимодействий, отдел иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий 

Санкт-Петербург

PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Head, Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology and Cell Interactions

St. Petersburg

falcojugger@yandex.ruФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. Отта»РоссияD. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and ReproductologyRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. Отта».РоссияD. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and ReproductologyRussian Federation202413092023261726Copyright © Маркова К.Л., Зементова М.С., Вашукова Е.С., Перевязкина М.А., Сельков С.А., Соколов Д.И., 20242024Маркова К.Л., Зементова М.С., Вашукова Е.С., Перевязкина М.А., Сельков С.А., Соколов Д.И.Markova K.L., Zementova M.S., Vashukova E.S., Pereviazkina M.A., Selkov S.A., Sokolov D.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2617

В настоящее время в качестве потенциальных биомаркеров заболеваний, а также «биологических конструкций» для таргетной доставки лекарств рассматривают внеклеточные везикулы. Внеклеточные везикулы представляют собой гетерогенную популяцию мембранных везикул, образуемых различными клетками организма, в том числе клетками иммунной системы, в процессе их жизнедеятельности. В настоящее время, в зависимости от размера и способа образования, везикулы подразделяют на экзосомы, микровезикулы и апоптотические тела. Внеклеточные везикулы обнаружены в различных биологических жидкостях человека, в связи с чем обсуждается возможность их использования в качестве диагностических биомаркеров. Везикулы обладают разнообразным внутренним составом и экспрессируют на своей поверхности широкий репертуар рецепторов, что позволяет им участвовать в межклеточных коммуникациях за счет передачи клеткам различных молекул, в том числе генетического материала. Одним из типов молекул, способных передаваться при помощи внеклеточных везикул, являются молекулы микроРНК, представляющие собой эволюционно консервативные некодирующие молекулы РНК длиной 18-25 нуклеотидов, основной функцией которых является регуляция экспрессии генов на постранскрипционном уровне. МикроРНК синтезируются во всех клетках организма, однако ряд микроРНК встречаются повсеместно, тогда как другие присутствуют только в определенных типах тканей. МикроРНК присутствуют не только внутри, но и вне клетки (внеклеточные или циркулирующие микроРНК. МикроРНК устойчивы к РНКазам и стабильны во внеклеточной среде, что обуславливается тем, что клетки продуцируют их совместно с белковыми комплексами или в составе внеклеточных везикул. Профиль микроРНК во внеклеточных везикулах меняется в зависимости от физиологического состояния и наличия различных заболеваний. В настоящее время появляется все больше данных о том, что микроРНК могут определять функциональную активность внеклеточных везикул, показана возможность использования микроРНК, переносимых во внеклеточных везикулах, в терапевтических целях, а также для диагностики различных патологий. В настоящем обзоре рассмотрены популяции внеклеточных везикул и их основные свойства, описаны характеристики внутриклеточных и внеклеточных (циркулирующих) микроРНК, механизмы их биосинтеза, методы детекции и оценки содержания микроРНК. В обзоре описаны микроРНК, входящие в состав экзосом и микровезикул, образованные различными клетками, в том числе клетками иммунной системы при физиологических и патологических процессах, рассмотрены функции данных микроРНК и их диагностический и терапевтический потенциал.

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are currently considered potential biomarkers of diseases, as well as “biological constructs” for targeted drug delivery. Extracellular vesicles represent a heterogeneous population of membrane vesicles formed by various cell populations, including immune cells. At present time, EV are divided into exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, depending on their size and formation manner. EV have been found in various human biological fluids. Therefore, the possibility of their usage as diagnostic biomarkers is under discussion. The vesicles have a diverse internal composition and express a wide repertoire of receptors on their surface, thus allowing them to participate in different intercellular communications by transferring to the cells various molecules, including genetic material. E.g., microRNAs transmitted via extracellular vesicles are evolutionarily conserved non-coding RNA molecules 18-25 nucleotides long. Their main function is to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. MicroRNAs are synthesized by different cell types. However, some microRNAs are found ubiquitously, whereas others are present only in certain types of tissues. MicroRNAs are found both inside, and outside the cells (extracellular or circulating microRNAs). The microRNAs are resistant to RNases and stable in the extracellular environment, due to their secretion as protein complexes, or as part of extracellular vesicles. The variable microRNA profile in extracellular vesicles depends on the physiological conditions and presence of various pathological disorders. Multiple studies show that microRNAs can determine the functional activity of extracellular vesicles, e.g., therapeutic usage of microRNAs carried by EV as well as diagnostic applications in various pathologies. This review considers distinct populations of extracellular vesicles and their main properties, describes the characteristics of intra- and extracellular (circulating) microRNAs, mechanisms of their biosynthesis, and techniques for detection and assessing contents of microRNAs. The review describes microRNAs as a component of exosomes and microvesicles formed by various cells, including cells of the immune system in the course of physiological and pathological processes, with respect to functions of these microRNAs as well as their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.