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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-SRO-2613</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2613</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>К некоторым аспектам иммуносупрессоров и их аэрозольной доставке в легкие при лечении COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Some reflections on immunosuppressants and their delivery to the lungs by aerosol in the treatment of COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1523-9669</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобылянский</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobylyansky</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кобылянский Вячеслав Иванович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор образовательного центра.</p><p>115682, Москва, Ореховый б-р, 28</p><p>Тел./факс: 8 (495) 395-62-93</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav I. Kobylyansky - PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Educational Center, Research Institute of Pulmonology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia.</p><p>28 Orekhovy Blvd Moscow 115682</p><p>Phone/fax: +7 (495) 395-62-93</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kobylyansky@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства России»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Pulmonology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1307</fpage><lpage>1318</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кобылянский В.И., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кобылянский В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kobylyansky V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2613">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2613</self-uri><abstract><p> </p><p>Ключевым патогенетическим звеном COVID-19 являются нарушения иммунного гомеостаза, которые часто проявляются гипериммунным ответом на патоген, приводящим к тяжелому неконтролируемому воспалению в легких, осложнениям и летальному исходу. Соответственно, определенный терапевтический потенциал заложен в средствах разных фармакологических групп с различными механизмами действия, но имеющими некоторую общность по направленности подавления иммунного ответа, что не редко отражено в классификациях объединяющим понятием иммуносупрессоры. Наиболее перспективными из них являются иммунобиологические препараты, к которым относятся моноклональные антитела, а также средства пуринергической регуляции. Имеются единичные попытки использования путем применения определенного подхода «классических» иммуносупрессоров, цитостатиков и ингибиторов кальциневрина, нашедших место в трансплантологии и онкологии, но от применения, которых с целью лечения неконтролируемого воспаления дыхательных путей отказались еще в конце прошлого столетия. Аэрозольный путь введения лекарственных средств оптимизирует лечение как по эффективности их воздействия, так и по уменьшению побочных эффектов и находит соответствующее применение при использовании ИС с целью лечения неконтролируемого воспаления дыхательных путей. Однако анализ возможностей подобного спектра иммуносупрессоров и их аэрозольной доставки в легкие при лечении COVID-19 не осуществлялся, что и явилось целью настоящей работы.</p><p>Анализ в методологическом плане проводился с использованием различных баз данных биомедицинской научной информации, включая такие, как: Index Medicus, PubMed, Embase, Cohrane реестр клинических исследований Clinical Trials gov и патентные базы.</p><p>В результате дана оценка эффективности воздействия различных подгрупп ИС при COVID-19, в том числе при ингаляционном их введении в дыхательные пути. Проанализирована роль центрального регулятора иммунного ответа, регуляторных T-клеток в патогенезе COVID-19, охарактеризован их терапевтический потенциал в зависимости от фазы и тяжести заболевания, дозы препарата. Отражены методы и подходы использования иммуносупрессоров, преимущества и недостатки. Определены целесообразность и перспективы их применения.</p><p>В заключении отмечается, что эффективность цитостатиков и ингибиторов кальциневрина при лечении воспаления дыхательных путей при COVID-19 остается неподтвержденной и бесперспективной. Большие надежды в этом плане подают биологические препараты, включая моноклональные антитела и средства пуринергической регуляции.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Disorders of immune homeostasis represent the key pathogenetic link of COVID-19, which often manifests as a hyperimmune response to the pathogen, leading to severe uncontrolled inflammation in lungs, followed by complications and death. Accordingly, a certain therapeutic potential is provided by different pharmacological drugs with distinct mechanisms of action, This class of drugs should, however, act in common direction by suppressing the immune response, thus being often classified as immunosuppressants (IS). Of them, the most promising are immunobiological preparations, which include monoclonal antibodies, as well as purinergic regulatory agents. There are several attempts to use the “classical” IS by a certain way, e.g., cytostatics and calcineurin inhibitors which found clinical application in transplantology and oncology. However, their usage for treatment of uncontrolled inflammation of respiratory tract was abandoned by the end of XX century. Meanwhile, the aerosol route of drug administration optimizes treatment, both in terms of their effectiveness, and the reduction of side effects thus promoting usage of IS for treatment of uncontrolled airway inflammation. Previously, the analysis of therapeutic opportunities for some IS delivered as aerosols to the lungs in COVID-19 therapy was not carried out, thus bein the purpose of our work. Methodological analysis was carried out using various databases of biomedical scientific information, including Index Medicus, PubMed, Embase, Cohrane Clinical Trials gov registry and patent databases.</p><p>The efficiency of the impact of various IS subgroups in COVID-19, including their administration by inhalations into the respiratory ways, was assessed. The role of regulatory T cells considered the central regulator of immune response, in pathogenesis of COVID-19 was considered, and their therapeutic potential was characterized, dependent on phase and severity of the disease as well as drug dose dependence. Methods and approaches to the use of IP, advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The expediency and future prospects of their application are considered.</p><p>One may conclude that the effectiveness of cytostatics and calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of airway inflammation in COVID-19 remains unconfirmed and seems to be unpromising. Meanwhile, biological preparations, including monoclonal antibodies and purinergic regulatory agents, offer great promise in this respect.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>цитостатики</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы кальциневрина</kwd><kwd>иммуносупрессоры</kwd><kwd>моноклональные антитела</kwd><kwd>пуринергическая регуляция</kwd><kwd>аэрозоль</kwd><kwd>регуляторные Т-клетки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>cytostatics</kwd><kwd>calcineurin inhibitors</kwd><kwd>immunosuppressants</kwd><kwd>monoclonal antibodies</kwd><kwd>purinergic regulation</kwd><kwd>aerosol</kwd><kwd>regulatory T cells</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobylyansky V.I. 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