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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-EOT-2484</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2484</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние табачного дыма и никотина на иммунный ответ при туберкулезе и других заболеваниях легких</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of tobacco smoke and nicotine on immune response in tuberculosis infection and other lung diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-7940</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чумоватов</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chumovatov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никита Владимирович Чумоватов – аспирант отдела фтизиатрии.</p><p>107564, Москва, Яузская аллея, 2. Тел.: 8 (903) 624-34-82</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chumovatov Nikita V. - Postgraduate Student, Department of Phtisiatrics.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Necro5412@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremeev</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Витальевич Еремеев – доктор медицинских наук, руководитель отдела иммунологии.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eremeev Vladimir Eremeev V. - PhD, MD (Medicine), Head, Immunology Department.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yeremeev56@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эргешов</surname><given-names>А. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ergeshov</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Атаджан Эргешович Эргешов – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, директор.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ergeshov Atadjan E. - PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Director.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mail@mednet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ Центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>455</fpage><lpage>462</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чумоватов Н.В., Еремеев В.В., Эргешов А.Э., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чумоватов Н.В., Еремеев В.В., Эргешов А.Э.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chumovatov N.V., Eremeev V.E., Ergeshov A.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2484">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2484</self-uri><abstract><p>Проблема курения, как и заболеваемость туберкулезом, существует уже длительное время. Последние данные ВОЗ указывают на гибель 1,3 миллионов человек от туберкулеза и 7 миллионов от курения ежегодно. Табачный дым содержит множество вредных химических веществ, включая окись углерода, никотин, оксиды азота и кадмий. Ряд исследований свидетельствуют о высокой распространенности курения среди больных туберкулезом. В большинстве случаев заражение микобактериями туберкулеза не приводит к развитию активного заболевания вследствие развития сбалансированного, гомеостатического иммунного ответа. Ключевыми компонентами защиты служат воспалительные реакции, направленные на сдерживание роста патогена, его секвестрацию и окончательную элиминацию. В то же время избыточный или неадекватный иммунный ответ способен приводить к расплавлению гранулемы, повреждению тканей и, как следствие, увеличению сроков излечения и инвалидизации перенесших туберкулез ввиду снижения дыхательной функции легких. Наряду с провоспалительными, в организме хозяина синтезируются антивоспалительные медиаторы, которые способны положительно или отрицательно влиять на течение заболевания в зависимости от места и времени их появления. Баланс между про- и антивоспалительными медиаторами по времени и уровню экспрессии играет важнейшую роль в определении исхода инфекции. В нашем обзоре мы рассматриваем влияние табачного дыма на различные составляющие иммунной системы человека, а также на течение и исход туберкулеза и других заболеваний легких. Кроме того, мы хотели бы заострить внимание читателя на необходимости корректировки патогенетической терапии бронхолегочных заболеваний с учетом курительных привычек больного. Курение табака является одной из главных причин тяжелого течения многих инфекционных и неинфекционных заболеваний, в том числе бронхолегочной системы. Продукты распада сигаретного дыма нарушают работу мерцательного эпителия дыхательных путей, продукцию слизистого компонента в бронхах и снижают эффективность системы сурфактанта. Это негативно сказывается на работе защитных механизмов дыхательной системы человека. Стоит отметить, что табачный дым оказывает и системное воздействие на иммунную систему. Накапливаются данные об ассоциации продолжительности воздействия табачного дыма с рядом неблагоприятных клинических характеристик туберкулеза, такими как массивность инфицирования, тяжесть течения, время абацилирования, реактивация, исход лечения и смертность. В то же время эпидемиологические исследования способны выявить ассоциации, но не позволяют определить причинно-следственные связи.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of smoking, as well as incidence of tuberculosis, has existed for a long time. The latest WHO data indicate that 1.3 million people die from tuberculosis, and another 7 millions die from smoking every year. Tobacco smoke contains many harmful chemicals, including carbon monoxide, nicotine, nitrogen oxides, and cadmium. A number of studies indicate a high prevalence of smoking among patients with tuberculosis. In most cases, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not lead to active disease, due to the development of a balanced, homeostatic immune response. The key protective components are inflammatory responses aimed at inhibition of the pathogen growth, its sequestration and final elimination. At the same time, excessive or inadequate immune response may lead to granuloma destruction, tissue damage and, as a result, prolonged duration of treatment due to decreased respiratory function of the lungs. Along with pro-inflammatory mediators, anti-inflammatory mediators are synthesized in the host organism, which can positively or negatively affect the course of disease, depending on the place and time of their production. The balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory mediators in terms of time and expression level plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of infection. In our review, we consider the impact of tobacco smoke on various components of the human immune system, as well as upon the course and outcome of tuberculosis and other lung diseases. In addition, we would like to draw the reader’s attention to the need of adjusting pathogenetic therapy of bronchopulmonary diseases, taking into account the patient’s smoking habits. Tobacco smoking is one of the main causes of the severe course of many infectious and non-infectious diseases of the bronchopulmonary system. The decay products of cigarette smoke disrupt the functioning of the ciliated epithelium of respiratory tract, the production of the mucous component in the bronchi, and reduce the effectiveness of the surfactant system. These negative events interfere with protective mechanisms of the human respiratory system. It is worth of note that tobacco smoke also exerts a systemic effect on the immune system. Data are accumulating on the association between the terms of exposure to tobacco smoke, and a range of adverse tunerculosis manifestations, such as extent of infection, severity of course, reactivation, treatment outcome, and mortality. At the same time, epidemiological studies are able to reveal the associations, but they do not allow us to determine exact causal relationships.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>табак</kwd><kwd>никотин</kwd><kwd>туберкулез</kwd><kwd>иммунный ответ</kwd><kwd>заболевания легких</kwd><kwd>микобактерии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tobacco</kwd><kwd>nicotine</kwd><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>immune response</kwd><kwd>lung diseases</kwd><kwd>mycobacteria</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arcavi L., Benowitz N.L. Cigarette smoking and infection. Arch. Intern. Med., 2004, Vol. 164, no. 20, pp. 2206-2216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arcavi L, Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and infection. 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