<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-RII-2331</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2331</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТОЧКА ЗРЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>VIEWPOINT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Основа противовирусной защиты человека – РНК-интерференция</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RNA interference is the basis of human antiviral defense</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8468-5363</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муратходжаев</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Muratkhodjaev</surname><given-names>J. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Муратходжаев Джавдат Нариманович, к.б.н., заведующий отделом международных связей</p><p>100060, г. Ташкент, ул. Яхъе Гулямова, 74Тел.: +998-93 180-12-87</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Muratkhodjaev Javdat N. PhD (Biology), Head, Scientific Relations Department</p><p>100060, Tashkent, Yahye Gulyamov str., 74Phone: +998-93 180-12-87</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">javdat_m@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9783-9600</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арипова</surname><given-names>Т. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aripova</surname><given-names>T. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н. профессор, академик Академии наук Республики Узбекистан, директор</p><p>г. Ташкент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Full Member, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Director</p><p>Tashkent</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.u.aripova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт иммунологии и геномики человека Академии наук Республики Узбекистан</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Immunology and Human Genomics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>1065</fpage><lpage>1074</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Муратходжаев Д.Н., Арипова Т.У., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Муратходжаев Д.Н., Арипова Т.У.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Muratkhodjaev J.N., Aripova T.U.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2331">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2331</self-uri><abstract><p>Сравнительный анализ механизмов противовирусной защиты простейших и РНК-интерференции многоклеточных организмов выявил не только их сходство, но и дал ключ к пониманию адаптивного иммунитета. Представлены последние данные, подтверждающие роль РНК-управлямой регуляции генов в противовирусной защите человека. Рассмотрена работа интерфероновой системы и роль нейтрализующих антител при вирусной инвазии. Обоснована новая концепция – основой противовирусной защиты всех организмов является внутриклеточные РНК-управлямые механизмы подавления вирусного размножения. Простая и эффективная защита от вирусов состоит в том, что часть ДНК вируса (спейсер) встраивается в геном клетки, и при повторном заражении, РНК-транскрипт этого спейсера направляет ферменты нуклеазы на чужеродный геном. Это настоящая адаптивная противовирусная защита, которой потенциально обладает каждая клетка. Главная цель эволюционно более молодых специализированных иммунных клеток это поддержание целостности и борьба с чужеродными организмами. Основной ролью интерфероновой системы является раннее предупреждение организма о внедрении вируса, с последующим переводом клеток в режим тревоги.</p><p>Соответственно, настоящим обретенным противовирусным иммунитетом будут не наличие В- и Т-клеток памяти, не нейтрализующие антитела, а наличие специфических спейсеров в ДНК переболевших людей. Данная статья, описывающая работу этих защитных механизмов, предназначена в первую очередь для широкой медицинской общественности, и практические выводы для врачей следующие:</p><sec><title>1</title><p>1. Наличие или отсутствие специфичных антител к SARS-CoV-2 АТ не является прогностическим признаком болезни. Наличие в крови антител лишь отражает факт контакта этого человека с вирусом. Отсутствие антител не говорит об отсутствии контакта, а люди, имеющие высокий титр специфичных антител не защищены от повторной инфекции SARS-CoV-2.</p></sec><sec><title>2</title><p>2. ПЦР-тесты. У переболевших COVID-19 тесты могут оставаться «ложно положительными» при условии забора генного материала из мест проникновения вируса. На наш взгляд, правильным показателем отсутствия болезни будут отрицательные тесты ПЦР на COVID-19 плазмы крови и мочи, даже при положительном результате при заборе из носоглотки.</p></sec><sec><title>3</title><p>3. Необходимо привлечь внимание врачей к возможному использованию витамина А в профилактике и лечении COVID-19, учитывая важность RLR рецепторов в распознавании вирусных РНК и положительный опыт применения витамина А при другом опасном вирусном заболевании – кори.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Comparative analysis of antiviral protective mechanisms in protozoa and RNA interference of multicellular organisms has revealed their similarity, also providing a clue to understanding the adaptive immunity. In this article, we present the latest evidence on the importance of RNA-guided gene regulation in human antiviral defense. The role of neutralizing antibodies and interferon system in viral invasion is considered. The new concept has been introduced, i.e., antiviral protection of any living organism is based on the intracellular RNA-guided mechanisms. Simple and effective defense against viruses is that spacer segment of the viral DNA is inserted into the cellular chromosomes. Upon re-infection, the RNA transcript of the spacer directs nuclease enzymes against the foreign genome. This is a really adaptive immune defense that any cell potentially possesses. In humans, the interferon system provides an additional tool for early suppression of viral infections which shifts the cells to the alert regimen, thus preventing further spread of infection. The main task of the human central immune system is to maintain integrity and combat foreign organisms. Accordingly, a suitable index of acquired antiviral immunity should be a presence of specific spacer markers in DNA samples from reconvalescent persons, rather than detection of neutralizing antibodies, B and T memory cells.</p><p>This article is addressed primarily to general medical community, and its practical conclusions are as follows:</p><sec><title>1</title><p>1. Presence or absence of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is not a prognostic sign of the disease. Detection of specific antibodies in blood simply reflects the fact that the person has contacted with the viral agent. Absence of antibodies does not mean a lack of such contact, and the persons with high titers of specific antibodies are not protected from re-infection with SARS-CoV-2.</p></sec><sec><title>2</title><p>2. PCR testing: The PCR results may remain “false positive” in those subjects who have had COVID-19, if the genetic material is taken from the site of initial virus contraction (mainly, nasopharynx). In our opinion, negative PCR tests for COVID-19 in blood plasma and urine will be a more correct index for the absence of the disease, even with positive PCR tests from the nasopharyngeal samples.</p></sec><sec><title>3</title><p>3. It is necessary to draw attention of general practitioners to potential usage of retinol in prevention and treatment of COVID-19, given the importance of RLR receptors in recognition of viral RNAs and positive experience of vitamin A administration in measles, another dangerous viral disease.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>РНК-интерференция</kwd><kwd>противовирусный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>интерфероны</kwd><kwd>антителозависимое усиление инфекции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>RNA-I</kwd><kwd>antiviral immunity</kwd><kwd>Interferon</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2 spacers</kwd><kwd>antibody-dependant enhancement</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdelrahim M., Safe S., Baker C., Abudayyeh A. RNAi and cancer: Implications and applications. J RNAi Gene Silencing, 2006, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp.136-145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdelrahim M., Safe S., Baker C., Abudayyeh A. RNAi and cancer: Implications and applications. J RNAi Gene Silencing, 2006, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp.136-145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barrangou R. The Roles of CRISPR-Cas Systems in Adaptive Immunity and Beyond. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2015, Vol. 32, pp. 36-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barrangou R. The Roles of CRISPR-Cas Systems in Adaptive Immunity and Beyond. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2015, Vol. 32, pp. 36-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benmoussa A., Provost P. Milk MicroRNAs in Health and Disease. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 2019, Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 703-722.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benmoussa A., Provost P. Milk MicroRNAs in Health and Disease. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 2019, Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 703-722.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bitko V., Barik S. Phenotypic silencing of cytoplasmic genes using sequence-specific double-stranded short interfering RNA and its application in the reverse genetics of wild type negative-strand RNA viruses. BMC Microbiol., 2001, Vol. 1, 34. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-1-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bitko V., Barik S. Phenotypic silencing of cytoplasmic genes using sequence-specific double-stranded short interfering RNA and its application in the reverse genetics of wild type negative-strand RNA viruses. BMC Microbiol., 2001, Vol. 1, 34. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-1-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X., Pan Z., Yue S., Yu F., Zhang J., Yang Y., Li R., Liu B., Yang X., Gao L., Li Z., Lin Y., Huang Q., Xu L., Tang J., Hu L., Zhao J., Liu P., Zhang G., Chen Y., Deng K., Ye L. Disease severity dictates SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020, Vol. 5, no. 1, 180. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00301-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X., Pan Z., Yue S., Yu F., Zhang J., Yang Y., Li R., Liu B., Yang X., Gao L., Li Z., Lin Y., Huang Q., Xu L., Tang J., Hu L., Zhao J., Liu P., Zhang G., Chen Y., Deng K., Ye L. Disease severity dictates SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020, Vol. 5, no. 1, 180. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00301-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coburn G.A., Cullen B.R. Potent and specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by RNA Interference. J. Virol., 2002, Vol. 76, no. 18, pp. 9225-9231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coburn G.A., Cullen B.R. Potent and specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by RNA Interference. J. Virol., 2002, Vol. 76, no. 18, pp. 9225-9231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Souza R.M., D’Souza R. Vitamin A for the treatment of children with measles–a systematic review. J. Trop. Pediatr., 2002, 48, pp. 323-327.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Souza R.M., D’Souza R. Vitamin A for the treatment of children with measles–a systematic review. J. Trop. Pediatr., 2002, 48, pp. 323-327.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eggenberger J., Blanco-Melo D., Panis M. Brennand K.J., ten Oever B.R. Type I interferon response impairs differentiation potential of pluripotent stem cells. PNAS, 2019, Vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 1384-1393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eggenberger J., Blanco-Melo D., Panis M. Brennand K.J., ten Oever B.R. Type I interferon response impairs differentiation potential of pluripotent stem cells. PNAS, 2019, Vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 1384-1393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elbashir S.M., Harborth J., Lendeckel W., Yalcin A., Weber K., Tuschl T. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature, 2001, Vol. 411, no. 6836, pp. 494-498.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elbashir S.M., Harborth J., Lendeckel W., Yalcin A., Weber K., Tuschl T. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature, 2001, Vol. 411, no. 6836, pp. 494-498.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fire A., Xu S., Montgomery M., Kostas S., Driver S., Mello C. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 1998, Vol. 391, 6669, pp. 806-811.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fire A., Xu S., Montgomery M., Kostas S., Driver S., Mello C. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 1998, Vol. 391, 6669, pp. 806-811.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujino K., Masayuki H., Tomoyuki H., Merriman D.K., Keizo T. Inhibition of Borna disease virus replication by an endogenous bornavirus-like element in the ground squirrel genome. PNAS, 2014, Vol. 111, no. 36, pp. 13175-1318. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407046111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujino K., Masayuki H., Tomoyuki H., Merriman D.K., Keizo T. Inhibition of Borna disease virus replication by an endogenous bornavirus-like element in the ground squirrel genome. PNAS, 2014, Vol. 111, no. 36, pp. 13175-1318. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407046111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ge Q., McManus M.T., Nguyen T., Shen C.-H., Sharp P.A., Eisen H.N., Chen J.. RNA interference of influenza virus production by directly targeting mRNA for degradation and indirectly inhibiting all viral RNA transcription. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, Vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 2718-2723.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ge Q., McManus M.T., Nguyen T., Shen C.-H., Sharp P.A., Eisen H.N., Chen J.. RNA interference of influenza virus production by directly targeting mRNA for degradation and indirectly inhibiting all viral RNA transcription. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, Vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 2718-2723.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habibi, L., Salmani, H. Pivotal impacts of retrotransposon based invasive RNAs on evolution. Front. Microbiol., 2017, Vol. 8, 1957. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01957.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habibi, L., Salmani, H. Pivotal impacts of retrotransposon based invasive RNAs on evolution. Front. Microbiol., 2017, Vol. 8, 1957. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01957.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han H. RNA Interference to knock down gene expression. Methods Mol. Biol. 2018, 1706, pp. 293-302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han H. RNA Interference to knock down gene expression. Methods Mol. Biol. 2018, 1706, pp. 293-302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hawkes RA. Enhancement of the infectivity of arboviruses by specific antisera produced in domestic fowls. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1964, Vol. 42, pp. 465-482.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hawkes RA. Enhancement of the infectivity of arboviruses by specific antisera produced in domestic fowls. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1964, Vol. 42, pp. 465-482.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He M.L., Zheng B., Peng Y., Peiris J.S., Poon L.L., Yuen K.Y., Lin M.C., Kung H.F., Guan Y. Inhibition of SARS-associated coronavirus infection and replication by RNA interference. JAMA, 2003, Vol. 290, no. 20, pp. 2665-2666.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He M.L., Zheng B., Peng Y., Peiris J.S., Poon L.L., Yuen K.Y., Lin M.C., Kung H.F., Guan Y. Inhibition of SARS-associated coronavirus infection and replication by RNA interference. JAMA, 2003, Vol. 290, no. 20, pp. 2665-2666.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holtzman J., Lee H. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the respiratory system. Exp. Mol. Med., 2020, Vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 887-895.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holtzman J., Lee H. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the respiratory system. Exp. Mol. Med., 2020, Vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 887-895.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Honda T., Keizo T. Endogenous Non-Retroviral RNA Virus Elements Evidence a Novel Type of Antiviral Immunity. Comment Mob. Genet. Elements, 2016, Vol. 6, no. 3, e1165785. doi:10.1080/2159256X.2016.1165785.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Honda T., Keizo T. Endogenous Non-Retroviral RNA Virus Elements Evidence a Novel Type of Antiviral Immunity. Comment Mob. Genet. Elements, 2016, Vol. 6, no. 3, e1165785. doi:10.1080/2159256X.2016.1165785.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huiming Y., Chaomin W., Meng M. Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2005, Vol. 4, CD001479. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001479.pub3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huiming Y., Chaomin W., Meng M. Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2005, Vol. 4, CD001479. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001479.pub3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khandia R., Munjal A., Dhama K., Karthik K., Tiwari R., Malik Y.S., Singh R.K., Chaicumpa W. Modulation of Dengue/Zika virus pathogenicity by antibody-dependent enhancement and strategies to protect against enhancement in Zika virus infection. Front. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, 597. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khandia R., Munjal A., Dhama K., Karthik K., Tiwari R., Malik Y.S., Singh R.K., Chaicumpa W. Modulation of Dengue/Zika virus pathogenicity by antibody-dependent enhancement and strategies to protect against enhancement in Zika virus infection. Front. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, 597. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00597.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koonin E., Makarova K.S. Mobile Genetic Elements and Evolution of CRISPR-Cas Systems: All the Way There and Back. Genome Biol. Evol., 2017, Vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 2812-2825.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koonin E., Makarova K.S. Mobile Genetic Elements and Evolution of CRISPR-Cas Systems: All the Way There and Back. Genome Biol. Evol., 2017, Vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 2812-2825.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krönke J., Ralf K., Buchholz F., Windisch M.P, Pietschmann T., Bartenschlager R., Frese M. Alternative Approaches for Efficient Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication by Small Interfering RNAs. J. Virol., 2004, Vol. 78, no. 7, pp. 3436-3446.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krönke J., Ralf K., Buchholz F., Windisch M.P, Pietschmann T., Bartenschlager R., Frese M. Alternative Approaches for Efficient Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication by Small Interfering RNAs. J. Virol., 2004, Vol. 78, no. 7, pp. 3436-3446.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lander E.S., Linton L.M., Birren B., Nusbaum C., Zody M.C., Baldwin J., Devon K., Dewar K., Doyle M., FitzHugh W., Funke R., Gage D., Harris K., Heaford A., Howland J., Kann L., Lehoczky J., LeVine R., McEwan P., McKernan K., Meldrim J., Mesirov J.P., Miranda C., Morris W., Naylor J., Raymond C., Rosetti M., Santos R., Sheridan A., Sougnez C., Stange-Thomann Y., Stojanovic N., Subramanian A., Wyman D., Rogers J., Sulston J., Ainscough R., Beck S., Bentley D., Burton J., Clee C., Carter N., Coulson A., Deadman R., Deloukas P., Dunham A., Dunham I., Durbin R., French L., Grafham D., Gregory S., Hubbard T., Humphray S., Hunt A., Jones M., Lloyd C., McMurray A., Matthews L., Mercer S., Milne S., Mullikin J.C., Mungall A., Plumb R., Ross M., Shownkeen R., Sims S., Waterston R.H., Wilson R.K., Hillier L.W., McPherson J.D., Marra M.A., Mardis E.R., Fulton L.A., Chinwalla A.T., Pepin K.H., Gish W.R., Chissoe S.L., Wendl M.C., Delehaunty K.D., Miner T.L., Delehaunty A., Kramer J.B., Cook L.L., Fulton R.S., Johnson D.L., Minx P.J., Clifton S.W., Hawkins T., Branscomb E., Predki P., Richardson P., Wenning S., Slezak T., Doggett N., Cheng J.F., Olsen A., Lucas S., Elkin C., Uberbacher E., Frazier M., Gibbs R.A., Muzny D.M., Scherer S.E., Bouck J.B., Sodergren E.J., Worley K.C., Rives C.M., Gorrell J.H., Metzker M.L., Naylor S.L., Kucherlapati R.S., Nelson D.L., Weinstock G.M., Sakaki Y., Fujiyama A., Hattori M., Yada T., Toyoda A., Itoh T., Kawagoe C., Watanabe H., Totoki Y., Taylor T., Weissenbach J., Heilig R., Saurin W., Artiguenave F., Brottier P., Bruls T., Pelletier E., Robert C., Wincker P., Smith D.R., Doucette-Stamm L., Rubenfield M., Weinstock K., Lee H.M., Dubois J., Rosenthal A., Platzer M., Nyakatura G., Taudien S., Rump A., Yang H., Yu J., Wang J., Huang G., Gu J., Hood L., Rowen L., Madan A., Qin S., Davis R.W., Federspiel N.A., Abola A.P., Proctor M.J., Myers R.M., Schmutz J., Dickson M., Grimwood J., Cox D.R., Olson M.V., Kaul R., Raymond C., Shimizu N., Kawasaki K., Minoshima S., Evans G.A., Athanasiou M., Schultz R., Roe B.A., Chen F., Pan H., Ramser J., Lehrach H., Reinhardt R., McCombie W.R., de la Bastide M., Dedhia N., Blöcker H., Hornischer K., Nordsiek G., Agarwala R., Aravind L., Bailey J.A., Bateman A., Batzoglou S., Birney E., Bork P., Brown D.G., Burge C.B., Cerutti L., Chen H.C., Church D., Clamp M., Copley R.R., Doerks T., Eddy S.R., Eichler E.E., Furey T.S., Galagan J., Gilbert J.G., Harmon C., Hayashizaki Y., Haussler D., Hermjakob H., Hokamp K., Jang W., Johnson L.S., Jones T.A., Kasif S., Kaspryzk A., Kennedy S., Kent W.J., Kitts P., Koonin E.V., Korf I., Kulp D., Lancet D., Lowe T.M., McLysaght A., Mikkelsen T., Moran J.V., Mulder N., Pollara V.J., Ponting C.P., Schuler G., Schultz J., Slater G., Smit A.F., Stupka E., Szustakowki J., Thierry-Mieg D., Thierry-Mieg J., Wagner L., Wallis J., Wheeler R., Williams A., Wolf Y.I., Wolfe K.H., Yang S.P., Yeh R.F., Collins F., Guyer M.S., Peterson J., Felsenfeld A., Wetterstrand K.A., Patrinos A., Morgan M.J., de Jong P., Catanese J.J., Osoegawa K., Shizuya H., Choi S., Chen Y.J., Szustakowki J., International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 2001, vol. 409, no. 6822, pp. 860-921.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lander E.S., Linton L.M., Birren B., Nusbaum C., Zody M.C., Baldwin J., Devon K., Dewar K., Doyle M., FitzHugh W., Funke R., Gage D., Harris K., Heaford A., Howland J., Kann L., Lehoczky J., LeVine R., McEwan P., McKernan K., Meldrim J., Mesirov J.P., Miranda C., Morris W., Naylor J., Raymond C., Rosetti M., Santos R., Sheridan A., Sougnez C., Stange-Thomann Y., Stojanovic N., Subramanian A., Wyman D., Rogers J., Sulston J., Ainscough R., Beck S., Bentley D., Burton J., Clee C., Carter N., Coulson A., Deadman R., Deloukas P., Dunham A., Dunham I., Durbin R., French L., Grafham D., Gregory S., Hubbard T., Humphray S., Hunt A., Jones M., Lloyd C., McMurray A., Matthews L., Mercer S., Milne S., Mullikin J.C., Mungall A., Plumb R., Ross M., Shownkeen R., Sims S., Waterston R.H., Wilson R.K., Hillier L.W., McPherson J.D., Marra M.A., Mardis E.R., Fulton L.A., Chinwalla A.T., Pepin K.H., Gish W.R., Chissoe S.L., Wendl M.C., Delehaunty K.D., Miner T.L., Delehaunty A., Kramer J.B., Cook L.L., Fulton R.S., Johnson D.L., Minx P.J., Clifton S.W., Hawkins T., Branscomb E., Predki P., Richardson P., Wenning S., Slezak T., Doggett N., Cheng J.F., Olsen A., Lucas S., Elkin C., Uberbacher E., Frazier M., Gibbs R.A., Muzny D.M., Scherer S.E., Bouck J.B., Sodergren E.J., Worley K.C., Rives C.M., Gorrell J.H., Metzker M.L., Naylor S.L., Kucherlapati R.S., Nelson D.L., Weinstock G.M., Sakaki Y., Fujiyama A., Hattori M., Yada T., Toyoda A., Itoh T., Kawagoe C., Watanabe H., Totoki Y., Taylor T., Weissenbach J., Heilig R., Saurin W., Artiguenave F., Brottier P., Bruls T., Pelletier E., Robert C., Wincker P., Smith D.R., Doucette-Stamm L., Rubenfield M., Weinstock K., Lee H.M., Dubois J., Rosenthal A., Platzer M., Nyakatura G., Taudien S., Rump A., Yang H., Yu J., Wang J., Huang G., Gu J., Hood L., Rowen L., Madan A., Qin S., Davis R.W., Federspiel N.A., Abola A.P., Proctor M.J., Myers R.M., Schmutz J., Dickson M., Grimwood J., Cox D.R., Olson M.V., Kaul R., Raymond C., Shimizu N., Kawasaki K., Minoshima S., Evans G.A., Athanasiou M., Schultz R., Roe B.A., Chen F., Pan H., Ramser J., Lehrach H., Reinhardt R., McCombie W.R., de la Bastide M., Dedhia N., Blöcker H., Hornischer K., Nordsiek G., Agarwala R., Aravind L., Bailey J.A., Bateman A., Batzoglou S., Birney E., Bork P., Brown D.G., Burge C.B., Cerutti L., Chen H.C., Church D., Clamp M., Copley R.R., Doerks T., Eddy S.R., Eichler E.E., Furey T.S., Galagan J., Gilbert J.G., Harmon C., Hayashizaki Y., Haussler D., Hermjakob H., Hokamp K., Jang W., Johnson L.S., Jones T.A., Kasif S., Kaspryzk A., Kennedy S., Kent W.J., Kitts P., Koonin E.V., Korf I., Kulp D., Lancet D., Lowe T.M., McLysaght A., Mikkelsen T., Moran J.V., Mulder N., Pollara V.J., Ponting C.P., Schuler G., Schultz J., Slater G., Smit A.F., Stupka E., Szustakowki J., Thierry-Mieg D., Thierry-Mieg J., Wagner L., Wallis J., Wheeler R., Williams A., Wolf Y.I., Wolfe K.H., Yang S.P., Yeh R.F., Collins F., Guyer M.S., Peterson J., Felsenfeld A., Wetterstrand K.A., Patrinos A., Morgan M.J., de Jong P., Catanese J.J., Osoegawa K., Shizuya H., Choi S., Chen Y.J., Szustakowki J., International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 2001, vol. 409, no. 6822, pp. 860-921.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laudadio I., Orso F., Azzalin G., Calabrò C., Berardinelli F., Coluzzi E., Gioiosa S., Taverna D., Sgura A., Carissimi C., Fulci V. AGO2 promotes telomerase activity and interaction between the telomerase components TERT and TERC. EMBO Rep., 2019, Vol. 20, no. 2, e45969. doi: 10.15252/embr.201845969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laudadio I., Orso F., Azzalin G., Calabrò C., Berardinelli F., Coluzzi E., Gioiosa S., Taverna D., Sgura A., Carissimi C., Fulci V. AGO2 promotes telomerase activity and interaction between the telomerase components TERT and TERC. EMBO Rep., 2019, Vol. 20, no. 2, e45969. doi: 10.15252/embr.201845969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levy D.E. Whence Interferon? Variety in the Production of Interferon in Response to Viral Infection. J. Exp. Med., 2002, Vol. 195, no. 4, pp. 15-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levy D.E. Whence Interferon? Variety in the Production of Interferon in Response to Viral Infection. J. Exp. Med., 2002, Vol. 195, no. 4, pp. 15-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lo M.W., Kemper C., Woodruff T.M. COVID-19: Complement, Coagulation, and Collateral Damage. J. Immunol., 2020, Vol. 205, no. 6, pp. 1488-1495.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lo M.W., Kemper C., Woodruff T.M. COVID-19: Complement, Coagulation, and Collateral Damage. J. Immunol., 2020, Vol. 205, no. 6, pp. 1488-1495.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maillard P.V., van der Veen A.G., Poirier E.Z., Reis e Sousa C. Slicing and dicing viruses: antiviral RNA interference in mammals. EMBO J., 2019, Vol. 38, no. 8, e100941. doi: 10.15252/embj.2018100941.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maillard P.V., van der Veen A.G., Poirier E.Z., Reis e Sousa C. Slicing and dicing viruses: antiviral RNA interference in mammals. EMBO J., 2019, Vol. 38, no. 8, e100941. doi: 10.15252/embj.2018100941.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manca S., Upadhyaya B., Mutai E., Desaulniers A.T., Cederberg R.A., White B.R., Zempleni J. Milk exosomes are bioavailable and distinct microRNA cargos have unique tissue distribution patterns. Sci. Rep., 2018, Vol. 8, no. 1, 11321. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29780-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manca S., Upadhyaya B., Mutai E., Desaulniers A.T., Cederberg R.A., White B.R., Zempleni J. Milk exosomes are bioavailable and distinct microRNA cargos have unique tissue distribution patterns. Sci. Rep., 2018, Vol. 8, no. 1, 11321. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29780-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCaffrey A.P., Nakai H., Pandey K., Huang Z., Salazar F.H., Xu H., Wieland S.F., Marion P.L., Kay M.A. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus in mice by RNA interference. Nat. Biotechnol., 2003, Vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 639-644.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCaffrey A.P., Nakai H., Pandey K., Huang Z., Salazar F.H., Xu H., Wieland S.F., Marion P.L., Kay M.A. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus in mice by RNA interference. Nat. Biotechnol., 2003, Vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 639-644.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Netea M.G., Quintin J., van der Meer J.W.M. Trained Immunity: A Memory for Innate Host Defense. Cell Host Microbe, 2011, Vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 355-361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Netea M.G., Quintin J., van der Meer J.W.M. Trained Immunity: A Memory for Innate Host Defense. Cell Host Microbe, 2011, Vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 355-361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Onomoto K., Onoguchi K., Yoneyama M. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors. Cell. Mol. Immunol., 2021, Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 539-555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onomoto K., Onoguchi K., Yoneyama M. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors. Cell. Mol. Immunol., 2021, Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 539-555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reimer-Michalski E.M., Conrath U. Innate immune memory in plants. Semin. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 319-327.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reimer-Michalski E.M., Conrath U. Innate immune memory in plants. Semin. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 319-327.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smatti M.K., Asmaa A., Thani A., Yassine H.M. Viral-induced enhanced disease illness. Front. Microbiol. 2018, Vol. 9, 2991. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smatti M.K., Asmaa A., Thani A., Yassine H.M. Viral-induced enhanced disease illness. Front. Microbiol. 2018, Vol. 9, 2991. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02991.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soye K.J., Trottier C., Richardson C.D., Ward B.J., Miller W.H. Jr. RIG-I is required for the inhibition of measles virus by retinoids. PLoS One, 2011, Vol. 6, no. 7, e22323. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soye K.J., Trottier C., Richardson C.D., Ward B.J., Miller W.H. Jr. RIG-I is required for the inhibition of measles virus by retinoids. PLoS One, 2011, Vol. 6, no. 7, e22323. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stetson D.B., Medzhitov R. Type I interferons in host defense. Immunity. 2006, Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 373-381.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stetson D.B., Medzhitov R. Type I interferons in host defense. Immunity. 2006, Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 373-381.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tirado S.M., Yoon K.J. Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and disease. Viral Immunol., 2003, Vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 69-86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tirado S.M., Yoon K.J. Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and disease. Viral Immunol., 2003, Vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 69-86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van der Veen A.G., Maillard P.V., Schmidt J.M., Lee S.A., Deddouche-Grass S., Borg A., Kjær S., Snijders A.P., Reis e Sousa C. The RIG-I-like receptor LGP2 inhibits Dicer-dependent processing of long double-stranded RNA and blocks RNA interference in mammalian cells. EMBO J., 2018, Vol. 37, no. 4, e97479. doi:10.15252/embj.201797479.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van der Veen A.G., Maillard P.V., Schmidt J.M., Lee S.A., Deddouche-Grass S., Borg A., Kjær S., Snijders A.P., Reis e Sousa C. The RIG-I-like receptor LGP2 inhibits Dicer-dependent processing of long double-stranded RNA and blocks RNA interference in mammalian cells. EMBO J., 2018, Vol. 37, no. 4, e97479. doi:10.15252/embj.201797479.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wan Y., Shang J., Sun S., Tai W., Chen J., Geng Q., He L., Chen Y., Wu J., Shi Z., Zhou Y., Du L., Li F. Molecular mechanism for antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus entry. J. Virol., 2020, Vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 2015-2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wan Y., Shang J., Sun S., Tai W., Chen J., Geng Q., He L., Chen Y., Wu J., Shi Z., Zhou Y., Du L., Li F. Molecular mechanism for antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus entry. J. Virol., 2020, Vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 2015-2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei W., Morrish T.A., Alisch R.S., Moran J.V. A transient assay reveals that cultured human cells can accommodate multiple LINE-1 retrotransposition events. Anal. Biochem., 2000, Vol. 284, no. 2, pp. 435-438.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei W., Morrish T.A., Alisch R.S., Moran J.V. A transient assay reveals that cultured human cells can accommodate multiple LINE-1 retrotransposition events. Anal. Biochem., 2000, Vol. 284, no. 2, pp. 435-438.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wicker T., Sabot F., Hua-Van A., Bennetzen J.L., Capy P., Chalhoub B., Flavell A., Leroy P., Morgante M., Panaud O., Paux E., SanMiguel P., Schulman A. A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2007, Vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 973-982.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wicker T., Sabot F., Hua-Van A., Bennetzen J.L., Capy P., Chalhoub B., Flavell A., Leroy P., Morgante M., Panaud O., Paux E., SanMiguel P., Schulman A. A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2007, Vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 973-982.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu J., Chen Z.J. Innate immune sensing and signaling of cytosolic nucleic acids. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 32, pp. 461-488.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu J., Chen Z.J. Innate immune sensing and signaling of cytosolic nucleic acids. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 32, pp. 461-488.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yip M.S., Cheung C.Y., Li P.H., Bruzzone R., Malik P.J.S., Martial J. Investigation of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) of SARS coronavirus infection and its role in pathogenesis of SARS. BMC Proc., 2011, Vol. 5, P80. doi: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s1-p80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yip M.S., Cheung C.Y., Li P.H., Bruzzone R., Malik P.J.S., Martial J. Investigation of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) of SARS coronavirus infection and its role in pathogenesis of SARS. BMC Proc., 2011, Vol. 5, P80. doi: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s1-p80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yokota T., Sakamoto N., Enomoto N., Tanabe Y., Miyagishi M., Maekawa S., Yi L., Kurosaki M., Taira K., Watanabe M., Mizusawa H. Inhibition of intracellular hepatitis C virus replication by synthetic and vector-derived small interfering RNAs. EMBO Rep. 2003, Vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 602-608.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yokota T., Sakamoto N., Enomoto N., Tanabe Y., Miyagishi M., Maekawa S., Yi L., Kurosaki M., Taira K., Watanabe M., Mizusawa H. Inhibition of intracellular hepatitis C virus replication by synthetic and vector-derived small interfering RNAs. EMBO Rep. 2003, Vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 602-608.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zempleni J. Milk exosomes: beyond dietary microRNAs. Genes Nutr., 2017, Vol. 12, 12. doi: 10.1186/s12263-017-0562-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zempleni J. Milk exosomes: beyond dietary microRNAs. Genes Nutr., 2017, Vol. 12, 12. doi: 10.1186/s12263-017-0562-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
