mimmunМедицинская иммунологияMedical Immunology (Russia)1563-06252313-741XSPb RAACI10.15789/1563-0625-ROT-2302mimmun-2302Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSРоль клеточного звена иммунитета в формировании иммунного ответа при коронавирусных инфекцияхRole of the cellular immunity in the formation of the immune response in coronavirus infectionshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-4071ИвановаИ. А.IvanovaI. A.

Инна Александровна Иванова – кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, врио заведующего лабораторией иммунологии особо опасных инфекций.

344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. Максима Горького, 117/40. Тел.: 8 (863) 240-91-22. Факс: 8 (863) 267-02-23.

Ivanova Inna A. - PhD (Biology), Leading Research Associate, Acting Head, Laboratory of Immunology of Specially Dangerous Infections.

344002, Rostov-on-D.on, Maxim Gorky str., 117/40. Phone: 7 (863) 240-91-22. Fax: 7 (863) 267-02-23

inna_ivanova_1968@inbox.ruОмельченкоН. Д.OmelchenkoN. D.

Наталья Дмитриевна Омельченко – кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии особо опасных инфекций.

Ростов-на-Дону

Natalia Omelchenko - PhD (Medicine), Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Immunology of Specially Dangerous Infections.

Rostov-on-Don

natalya.omelchenk0@yandex.ruФилиппенкоА. В.FilippenkoA. V.

Анна Владимировна Филиппенко – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии особо опасных инфекций

Ростов-на-Дону

Anna Filippenko - Junior Research Associate.

Rostov-on-Don

plague@aaanet.ruТруфановаА. А.TrufanovaA. A.

Анастасия Александровна Труфанова – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии особо опасных инфекций.

Ростов-на-Дону

Anastasia Trufanova - Junior Research Associate, Laboratory of Immunology of Specially Dangerous Infections.

Rostov-on-Don

plague@aaanet.ruНосковА. К.NoskovA. K.

Алексей Кимович Носков – директор.

Ростов-на-Дону

Aleksej Noskov - Director.

Rostov-on-Don

plague@aaanet.ruФКУЗ Ростовский-на-Дону противочумный институт РоспотребнадзораРоссияRostov-on-Don Plague Control Research InstituteRussian Federation20212012202123612291238Copyright © Иванова И.А., Омельченко Н.Д., Филиппенко А.В., Труфанова А.А., Носков А.К., 20212021Иванова И.А., Омельченко Н.Д., Филиппенко А.В., Труфанова А.А., Носков А.К.Ivanova I.A., Omelchenko N.D., Filippenko A.V., Trufanova A.A., Noskov A.K.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2302

Сведения, полученные в течение предыдущих эпидемий, вызванных коронавирусами, и текущей пандемии, свидетельствуют о том, что определение роли тех или иных иммунных реакций между этими вирусами и макроорганизмом является главным условием для разработки диагностических тест-систем, а также эффективных лекарственных и профилактических средств. В обзоре систематизированы результаты изучения пато- и иммуногенеза SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2. Доказано, что эти коронавирусы подавляют формирование адаптивного иммунного ответа еще на стадии его индукции, влияют на количество и функциональную активность эффекторов клеточного иммунитета – лимфоцитов, вызывая нарушение лимфопоэза, апоптоз и «истощение» этих клеток, что приводит к более длительному течению заболевания и увеличению вирусной нагрузки.

Отражены сведения о роли клеточного звена иммунитета в формировании иммунного ответа к коронавирусам. Доказано, что возбудители SARS, MERS и COVID-19 запускают в макроорганизме формирование адаптивного иммунитета по гуморальному и клеточному типу. Причем синтез специфических иммуноглобулинов еще не свидетельствует о наличии протективного иммунного ответа. Не менее важным является активация клеточного звена иммунитета. Описана высокая степень гомологии антигенных эпитопов у SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV и SARS-CoV-2, что обуславливает возможность формирования перекрестного иммунитета к коронавирусам.

В обзоре рассмотрены вопросы, касающиеся длительности сохранения специфических клеток памяти к SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV и SARS-CoV-2 и их роли в обеспечении длительной протективной защиты от этих инфекций. Учитывая, что специфические антитела к возбудителям SARS и MERS сохранялись в течение года, часто не выявлялись или регистрировались кратковременно у пациентов с легкой и бессимптомной формой инфекций, можно говорить о важной роли клеточного иммунного ответа в обеспечении иммунитета к данным коронавирусам.

Показано, что в отличие от антител, антигенспецифические Т-клетки памяти регистрировались у переболевших атипичной пневмонией от четырех до одиннадцати лет, ближневосточным острым

респираторным синдромом – до двух лет. Для определения наличия и количества Т-клеток памяти при COVID-19 требуются дальнейшие исследования. Проведение сравнительного анализа данных, полученных во время предыдущих эпидемий, касающихся формирования адаптивного иммунитета к коронавирусам, описание белков и эпитопов, распознаваемых Т-лимфоцитами человека, будет полезно при мониторинге иммунных реакций у пациентов с COVID-19, а также при создании информативных тестов для изучения Т-клеточного иммунного ответа на SARS-CoV-2 и новых профилактических препаратов.

 

The data obtained during previous epidemics caused by coronaviruses, and current pandemic indicate that assessing the role of certain immune interactions between these viruses and the microorganism is the main pre-requisite for development of diagnostic test systems as well as effective medical drugs and preventive measures. The review summarizes the results of studying patho– and immunogenesis of SARSCoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections. These coronaviruses were proven to suppress development of adaptive immune response at the stage of its induction, affecting the number and functional activity of lymphocytes, effectors of cellular immunity, causing impairment of lymphopoiesis, apoptosis and «depletion» of these cells, thus leading to longer duration of the disease and increased viral load. Information about the role of cellular immunity in development of immune response to coronaviruses is presented. It was proven that the causative agents of SARS, MERS and COVID-19 trigger adaptive immune response in the microorganism according to both humoral and cellular types. Moreover, the synthesis of specific immunoglobulins does not yet point to presence of protective immune response. Activation of the cellular link of immunity is also important. A high degree of antigenic epitope homology in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is described, thus suggesting an opportunity for cross-immunity to coronaviruses. The review addresses issues related to the terms of specific memory immune cells to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and their role in providing long-term protection against these infections. Given that specific antibodies to SARS and MERS pathogens persisted for a year, were often not detected or briefly registered in patients with mild and asymptomatic infections, we can talk about important role of the cellular immune response in providing immunity to these coronaviruses. It was shown that, in contrast to antibodies, the antigen-specific memory T cells were registered in patients with SARS virus for 4 to 11 years, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome – up to two years. Further research is needed to determine presence and number of memory T cells in COVID-19. A comparative analysis of data obtained during previous epidemics with respect to formation of adaptive immunity to coronaviruses. Description of proteins and epitopes recognized by human T lymphocytes will be useful in monitoring immune responses in COVID-19 patients, as well as in developing informative tests to study T cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and new preventive drugs.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.