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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-BAT-2174</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2174</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Активация базофилов: теоретические аспекты и применение в диагностике аллергических заболеваний</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Basophil activation: theoretical aspects and use in the diagnosis of allergic diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-2817</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бычкова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bychkova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталия Владимировна Бычкова — кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммунологии ВЦЭРМ имени А.М. Никифорова; доцент кафедры иммунологии Первый Санкт-Петербургский ГМУ имени академика И.П. Павлова.</p><p>198216, Санкт-Петербург, Ленинский пр., 129, корп. 5, кв. 66.  Тел.: 8 (921) 320-12-62</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bychkova NataliyaVladimirovna, PhD (Biology), Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, A. Nikiforov RCERM; Associate Professor, Department of Immunology, First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov MU.</p><p>198216, St. Petersburg, Leninsky ave., 129, bldg 5, apt 66.  Phone: 7(921) 320-12-62</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bnv19692007@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ Всероссийский центр экстренной и радиационной медицины имени А.М. Никифорова» Министерства РФ по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий; ФГБОУВО Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A. Nikiforov Russian Centre of Emergency and Radiation Medicine; First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>469</fpage><lpage>482</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бычкова Н.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бычкова Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bychkova N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2174">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2174</self-uri><abstract><p>Диагностика аллергических заболеваний является непростой задачей, требующей решения ввиду высокой частоты встречаемости этой патологии среди населения. В обзоре делается упор на комплексную диагностику, включающую различные методы, наиболее востребованные на современном этапе. Диагностика аллергии в первую очередь включает сбор анамнеза, физикальный осмотр, инструментальные и функциональные тесты, реже используется провокационные пробы ввиду возможности тяжелых реакций при их проведении. На современном этапе растет роль лабораторной диагностики аллергии, поскольку с одной стороны наблюдается увеличение сложно диагносцируе-мых случаев, требующих привлечения всего арсенала средств современной медицины, а с другой — улучшается чувствительность и специфичность лабораторных тестов. Среди лабораторных методов наиболее значимыми являются оценка уровня специфических IgE и относительно новый тест активации базофилов, которому в обзоре уделяется основное внимание. Он является функциональным и сочетает в себе преимущества провокационных проб, при проведении которых создаются условия для взаимодействия возможного аллергена и клеток-эффекторов аллергического воспаления с безопасностью для пациента. В статье приводятся данные о жизненном цикле базофилов, экспрессии ими мембранных рецепторов, содержимом гранул, возможности синтеза дополнительных медиаторов воспалительных реакций. Рассматривается участие этих клеток в патогенезе аллергического воспаления. Обсуждаются различные механизмы активации базофилов, как IgE-опосредованные, так и IgE-независимые, схожие in vivo и in vitro. Проводится теоретическое обоснование использования теста активации базофилов in vitro для оценки сенсибилизации организма к широкому спектру аллергенов. Приводятся данные о высокой чувствительности и специфичности теста для диагностики аллергии к пищевым, бытовым, пыльцевым, инсектным и лекарственным аллергенам. Рассматривается возможность использования данного теста для оценки эффективности аллергенспецифической и анти-IgE терапии. Указываются особенности теста активации базофилов, касающиеся преаналитического, аналитического и постаналитического этапов исследования. Известны факторы, влияющие на оценку данного метода. Например, затруднения при интерпретации теста могут возникнуть на фоне приема глюкокортикостероидных гормонов, в остром периоде воспаления, при выраженных отеках. В обзоре проводится сравнение теста активации базофилов, определения специфических IgE и кожных тестов по различным параметрам, касающимся проведения и интерпретации результатов данных методов. Комплексная диагностика аллергических заболеваний, в том числе с применением патогенетически обусловленных лабораторных методов, будет способствовать адекватному лечению и вследствие этого улучшению здоровья населения.</p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Diagnostics of allergic diseases is a difficult issue, which requires distinct solutions, since this disorder is very common among the population. The overview focuses on complex diagnostics, including various methods that are most in demand at the present stage. The allergy diagnostics primarily include taking anamnesis, physical examination, instrumental and functional tests. Less often, the provocative tests are used, due to risk of severe adverse reactions. At the present stage, the role of laboratory diagnostics of allergies is growing, since, firstly, there is an increase in difficult-to-diagnose cases that require involvement of the entire medical armamentarium, and, secondly, the sensitivity and specificity of laboratory tests are improving. Among laboratory methods, the most significant are the assessment of the level of specific IgE, and the relatively new basophile activation test. The latter test is the main focus of the present review. It is functional and combines the advantages of provocative tests, during which conditions are created for the interaction of a potential allergen and effector cells of allergic inflammation, keeping safety for the patient. The data on the life cycle of basophils, their expression of membrane receptors, the content of granules, and ability to produce additional inflammatory mediators by the cells are presented. Participation of these cells in pathogenesis of allergic inflammation is being considered. Various mechanisms of basophil activation are discussed, both IgE-mediated and IgE-independent, which are similar in vivo and in vitro. Theoretical aspects of using the in vitro basophil activation test to estimate the hypersensitivity to a wide range of allergens are discussed. High sensitivity and specificity of the test for diagnosing allergies to food, household, pollen, insect and drug allergens are presented. Specific features of the basophil activation test related to the preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical stages of the study are highlighted. The factors influencing evaluation of this method are known. For example, difficulties in interpreting the test may arise while taking glucocorticosteroid hormones, in acute period of inflammation, with severe edema. The possibility of using this test to assess effectiveness of allergen-specific and anti-IgE therapy is being considered. A comparison of the basophil activation test, measurement of specific IgE and skin tests by various parameters related to performance and interpretation of results is carried out. Comprehensive diagnostics of allergic diseases, including usage of pathogenetically determined laboratory methods, will contribute to adequate treatment and, as a result, improve the health of the population.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аллергия</kwd><kwd>тест активации базофилов</kwd><kwd>IgE</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>allergy</kwd><kwd>basophil activation</kwd><kwd>IgE</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бычкова Н.В. Применение метода проточной цитометрии для диагностики аллергических заболеваний // Справочник заведующего КДЛ, 2016. № 4. С. 21-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bychkova N.V. 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