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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-EAP-2147</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2147</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспрессия и полиморфизм рецепторов TLR4 в патогенезе хронической обструктивной болезни легких: современный взгляд</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Expression and polymorphism of lTLR4 receptors in pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a modern view</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9640-754X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белоглазов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beloglazov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой внутренней медицины № 2, Медицинская академия имени С.И. Георгиевского,</p><p>г. Симферополь, Республика Крым</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Department of Internal Medicine No. 2, S. Georgievsky Medical Academy,</p><p>Simferopol, Republic of Crimea</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">biloglazov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5486-7262</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яцков</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yatskov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры внутренней медицины № 2, Медицинская академия имени С.И. Георгиевского,</p><p>295491, Республика Крым, г. Симферополь, пгт Аэрофлотский, ул. Мальченко, 7, кв. 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant, Department of Internal Medicine No. 2, S. Georgievsky Medical Academy, </p><p>Simferopol, Republic of Crimea</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egermd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2841-0226</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усеинова</surname><given-names>Р. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Useinova</surname><given-names>Rean Hayrievna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка кафедры внутренней медицины № 2, Медицинская академия имени С.И. Георгиевского,</p><p>г. Симферополь, Республика Крым</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student, Department of Internal Medicine No. 2, S. Georgievsky Medical Academy,</p><p>Simferopol, Republic of Crimea</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rean98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинская академия имени С.И. Георгиевского ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет имени В.И. Вернадского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V. Vernadsky Crimea Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинская академия имени С.И. Георгиевского ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет имени В.И. Вернадского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>231</fpage><lpage>236</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Белоглазов В.А., Яцков И.А., Усеинова Р.Х., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Белоглазов В.А., Яцков И.А., Усеинова Р.Х.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Beloglazov V.A., Yatskov I.A., Useinova R.H.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2147">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2147</self-uri><abstract><p>Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ) – прогрессирующее заболевание, характеризующееся необратимой или частично обратимой обструкцией бронхиального дерева. В настоящее время существует множество научно подтвержденных звеньев этиопатогенеза ХОБЛ, среди которых основополагающая роль отводится значению гиперергической воспалительной реакции в ответ на вдыхание различных вредных веществ (табачный дым, промышленные поллютанты и др.). В легких больных ХОБЛ увеличивается количество макрофагов, нейтрофилов, лимфоцитов, причем эти клетки выделяют достаточно широкий спектр медиаторов воспаления. Одной из ключевых особенностей этиопатогенеза ХОБЛ является бактериальная колонизация дыхательных путей, приводящая к персистирующей или хронической стимуляции иммунных клеток через Toll-подобные рецепторы (TLR), которые воспринимают патоген-ассоциированные молекулярные паттерны (PAMPs).</p><p>В данной статье приведен литературный обзор современных представлений о роли экспрессии и полиморфизма Toll-подобных рецепторов, в частности TLR4, в патогенезе ХОБЛ. TLR4 является членом семейства Toll-подобных рецепторов, которые играют фундаментальную роль в идентификации патогенов и активации врожденного иммунитета. Распознавая патоген-ассоциированные молекулярные паттерны (PAMPs), которые экспрессируются на инфекционных агентах, TLR опосредуют выработку цитокинов, необходимых для развития эффективного иммунитета. Различные TLR демонстрируют различные паттерны экспрессии. Этот рецептор наиболее обильно экспрессируется в плаценте и в миеломоноцитарной субпопуляции лейкоцитов. В исследовании Di Stefano A. и соавт. (2017) иммуногистохимически были определены уровни экспрессии TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, NOD1, NOD2, CD14, Toll-интерлейкин-1-рецепторного домена, содержащего адапторный белок (TIRAP) и интерлейкин-1-рецептор-ассоциированных фосфокиназ (IRAK1 и IRAK4) в слизистой оболочке бронхов пациентов со стабильным течением ХОБЛ различной степени тяжести. Стало известно, что экспрессия TLR4 бронхиального эпителия положительно коррелировала со степенью обструкции и содержанием CD4+ и CD8+ клеток. Стимуляция TLR4 усиливает выработку цитокинов, что может быть релевантным механизмом, с помощью которого бактерии вызывают чрезмерное воспаление у пациентов с ХОБЛ. Вопрос степени вовлеченности TLR4 в патогенез ХОБЛ требует дальнейшего более подробного изучения с целью определения основных механизмов формирования воспали тельного ответа в дыхательных путях. Данная обзорная статья является частью грантового проекта по изучению провоспалительного ответа на эндотоксин грамотрицательной флоры в патогенезе ХОБЛ (Номер государственного учета НИОКТР – АААА-А19-119122390040-2). </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease characterized by irreversible or partially reversible obstruction of the bronchial tree. Currently, there are many proven links in the COPD etiopathogenesis, among which a pivotal role is assigned to the value of the hyperergic inflammatory reaction in response to inhalation of various harmful substances (tobacco smoke, industrial pollutants, etc.). The number of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes increases in the lungs of COPD patients, and these cells secrete a fairly wide range of inflammatory mediators. Bacterial colonization of the airways is one of the key features in COPD pathogenesis leading to persistent or chronic stimulation of immune cells through Tolllike receptors (TLR), which perceive the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).</p><p>This article provides a review of literature concerning modern concepts of the role of Toll-like receptors expression and polymorphism, in particular, TLR4, in pathogenesis of COPD. TLR4 is a member of the Tolllike receptor family that plays a fundamental role in pathogen identification and innate immune activation. By recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on infectious agents, TLRs mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. Different TLRs exhibit distinct expression patterns. This receptor is most abundantly expressed in placenta and in the myelomonocytic leukocyte subpopulations. E.g., Di Stefano A. et al. (2017), determined immunohistochemically the expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, NOD1, NOD2, CD14, Toll-interleukin-1-receptor domain containing adapter protein (TIRAP) and interleukin-1-receptor-associated phosphokinases (IRAK1 and IRAK4) in bronchial mucosa of patients with stable COPD of varying severity. It was found that TLR4 expression of the bronchial epithelium positively correlated with degree of obstruction and CD4+ and CD8+T cell contents. Stimulation of TLR4 increases cytokine production, which may be a relevant mechanism by which bacteria cause excessive inflammation in COPD patients. The degree of TLR4 involvement into COPD pathogenesis requires more detailed study in future, in order to determine the main mechanisms for emerging inflammatory response in the airways. This review article is part of a research grant project to study pro-inflammatory response to endotoxin of Gram-negative flora in COPD pathogenesis (State registration number – АААА-А19-119122390040-2).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>TLR4</kwd><kwd>LPS</kwd><kwd>ХОБЛ</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>экспрессия</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>TLR4</kwd><kwd>LPS</kwd><kwd>COPD</kwd><kwd>polymorphism</kwd><kwd>expression</kwd><kwd>inflammation.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «КФУ им. В.И. Вернадского»</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">V. 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