<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-PAF-2145</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2145</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изменение фенотипа и функциональной активности NK-клеток у больных миелодиспластическим синдромом и острым миелоидным лейкозом под влиянием гипометилирующих препаратов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Phenotypic and functional changes of NK cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia treated with hypomethylating drugs</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жигарев</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhigarev</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры иммунологии,</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Department of Immunology, </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhigarev.di@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хорева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khoreva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент, профессор кафедры иммунологии,</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Professor, Department of Immunology,</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mv@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ганковская</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gankovskaya</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой иммунологии,</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Department of Immunology,</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lvgan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова»&#13;
Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>223</fpage><lpage>230</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Жигарев Д.И., Хорева М.В., Ганковская Л.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жигарев Д.И., Хорева М.В., Ганковская Л.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhigarev D.I., Khoreva M.V., Gankovskaya L.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2145">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2145</self-uri><abstract><p>Естественные киллеры (NK-клетки, англ. natural killers) – лимфоциты, относящиеся к клеткам врожденного иммунитета, они играют ключевую роль в поддержании иммунологического надзора. С момента обнаружения NK-клеток в 1973 году механизмы их функционирования были детально изучены, и сейчас не остается сомнения в том, что они играют особую роль в процессах распознавания и уничтожения трансформированных и малигнизированных клеток. Понимание роли NK-клеток в противоопухолевом иммунитете с одной стороны ведет к появлению новых иммуннотерапевтических стратегий, а с другой – позволяет переосмыслить существующие схемы лечения онкологических заболеваний в соответствии с принципом primum non nocere. Оптимизация протоколов терапии опухолей, выполненная с целью уберечь иммунные клетки от гибели и функционального ослабления, – важная проблема, которая не может быть успешно решена без регулярного обобщения результатов разрозненных исследований и критического анализа накопленных данных.</p><p>Задачей настоящего обзора является анализ изменений фенотипа и функциональной активности NK-клеток у больных миелодиспластическим синдромом (МДС) и острым миелоидным лейкозом (ОМЛ). Для лечения этих заболеваний в настоящее время применяются препараты из группы гипометилирующих агентов, механизм действия которых, в отличие от классических цитостатических средств, основан на модуляции экспрессии генов опухолевых клеток. Поскольку эти препараты действуют неспецифично, воздействию подвергаются все клетки организма, в том числе и NK-клетки. Такое взаимодействие приводит к гипометилированию NK-клеточной ДНК и изменению экспрессии функциональных рецепторов, которые, в свою очередь, обеспечивают развитие противоопухолевого ответа NK-клеток.</p><p>Сам по себе факт изменения генной экспрессии тех или иных клеток не позволяет в полной мере судить о воздействии препарата на состояние иммунной системы, важен характер этого изменения и его роль в контексте патогенеза исследуемого заболевания. В конечном счете, простое описание явления увеличения или уменьшения экспрессии отдельно взятого рецептора не является наглядно-показательным, поскольку может приводить к неоднозначным последствиям. По этой причине в настоящем обзоре, помимо описания существующих данных об изменении экспрессии рецепторов NK-клеток под воздействием гипометилирующих препаратов, особое внимание уделяется критическому анализу функциональных характеристик NK-клеток, среди которых наиболее важной для течения описываемых заболеваний является цитотоксическая активность, направленная на малигнизированные бластные клетки. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Natural killer cells (NK cells) are cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a pivotal role in maintaining immunological surveillance and in developing an innate immune response. Since the discovery of NK cells in 1973, the mechanisms of their functioning have been studied in details, and there is currently no doubt that they play a special role in the process of recognition and destruction of transformed and malignant cells. Understanding the role of NK cells in antitumor immunity, on the one hand, leads to emergence of new immunotherapeutic strategies and, on the other hand, allows to adjust the existing treatment regimens for tumor diseases, in accordance with the principle of primum non nocere. Optimization of cancer therapy protocols executed in order to protect immune cells from death and functional impairment is an important problem that cannot be successfully resolved without regular aggregation of the results from disparate studies and critical analysis of the all accumulated data.</p><p>The objective of this review is to create a relevant and holistic picture of changes in the phenotypic and functional characteristics of NK cells in patients with two related hematological diseases – myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For the treatment of both illnesses, drugs from the group of hypomethylating agents are used, the acting mechanism of which, unlike classical cytostatic agents, is based on modulation of the tumor cell genes expression. All the cells of the body are being affected, including NK cells, since these drugs act nonspecifically. Such an interaction leads to a hypomethylation of NK cell DNA and changes the expression of functional receptors, which, in turn, provide the development of antitumor NK cell immune response.</p><p>Of course, just the fact of changing gene expression in certain cells does not allow us to fully judge the drug’s impact on the state of immune system. Meanwhile, the origin of this change and its role are important in the context of the disease pathogenesis. Ultimately, a simple description of an increase or decrease in a single receptor expression is not illustrative, since it can lead to uncertain consequences. For this reason, the current review, in addition to describing the existing data on the changes of NK cell receptors expression under the influence of hypomethylating drugs, gives a special attention to critical analysis of functional characteristics of NK cells, including their cytotoxic activity aimed at malignant blast cells, being a determinant of clinical course in the described diseases. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>NK-клетки</kwd><kwd>противоопухолевый иммунитет</kwd><kwd>острый миелоидный лейкоз</kwd><kwd>миелодиспластический синдром</kwd><kwd>KIR-рецепторы</kwd><kwd>гипометилирующие препараты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>NK cells</kwd><kwd>antitumor immunity</kwd><kwd>acute myeloid leukemia</kwd><kwd>myelodysplastic syndrome</kwd><kwd>KIR receptors</kwd><kwd>hypomethylating drugs</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almeida A.M., Ramos F. Acute myeloid leukemia in the older adults. Leuk. Res. Rep., 2016, Vol. 6, pp. 1-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almeida A.M., Ramos F. Acute myeloid leukemia in the older adults. Leuk. Res. Rep., 2016, Vol. 6, pp. 1-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrillo-Bustamante P., Kesmir C., de Boer R.J. The evolution of natural killer cell receptors. Immunogenetics, 2016, Vol. 68, no. 1, pp 3-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrillo-Bustamante P., Kesmir C., de Boer R.J. The evolution of natural killer cell receptors. Immunogenetics, 2016, Vol. 68, no. 1, pp 3-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan H.W., Kurago Z.B., Stewart C.A. et al. DNA methylation maintains allele-specific KIR gene expression in human natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med., 2003, Vol. 197, no. 2, pp. 245-255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan H.W., Kurago Z.B., Stewart C.A. et al. DNA methylation maintains allele-specific KIR gene expression in human natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med., 2003, Vol. 197, no. 2, pp. 245-255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christman J.K. 5-Azacytidine and 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine as inhibitors of DNA methylation: mechanistic studies and their implications for cancer therapy. Oncogene, 2002, Vol. 21, no. 35, pp. 5483-5495.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christman J.K. 5-Azacytidine and 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine as inhibitors of DNA methylation: mechanistic studies and their implications for cancer therapy. Oncogene, 2002, Vol. 21, no. 35, pp. 5483-5495.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cogle C.R. Incidence and burden of the myelodysplastic syndromes. Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep., 2015, Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 272-281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cogle C.R. Incidence and burden of the myelodysplastic syndromes. Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep., 2015, Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 272-281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dan H., Zhang S., Zhou Y., Guan Q. DNA Methyltransferase inhibitors: catalysts for antitumour immune responses. Onco Targets Ther., 2019, Vol. 12, pp. 10903-10916.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dan H., Zhang S., Zhou Y., Guan Q. DNA Methyltransferase inhibitors: catalysts for antitumour immune responses. Onco Targets Ther., 2019, Vol. 12, pp. 10903-10916.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daneshbod Y., Kohan L., Taghadosi V., Weinberg O.K., Arber D.A. Prognostic significance of complex karyotypes in acute myeloid leukemia. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol., 2019, Vol. 20, no. 2, 15. doi: 10.1007/s11864-019-0612-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daneshbod Y., Kohan L., Taghadosi V., Weinberg O.K., Arber D.A. Prognostic significance of complex karyotypes in acute myeloid leukemia. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol., 2019, Vol. 20, no. 2, 15. doi: 10.1007/s11864-019-0612-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Döhner H., Weisdorf D.J., Bloomfield C.D. Acute myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2015, Vol. 373, no. 12, pp. 1136-1152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Döhner H., Weisdorf D.J., Bloomfield C.D. Acute myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2015, Vol. 373, no. 12, pp. 1136-1152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Estey E.H. Acute myeloid leukemia: 2019 update on risk-stratification and management. Am. J. Hematol., 2018, Vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 1267-1291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Estey E.H. Acute myeloid leukemia: 2019 update on risk-stratification and management. Am. J. Hematol., 2018, Vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 1267-1291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fenaux P., Mufti G.J., Hellström-Lindberg E. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol., 2010, Vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 562-569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fenaux P., Mufti G.J., Hellström-Lindberg E. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol., 2010, Vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 562-569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gang A.O., Frosig T.M., Brimnes M.K. 5-Azacytidine treatment sensitizes tumor cells to T-cell mediated cytotoxicity and modulates NK cells in patients with myeloid malignancies. Blood Cancer J., 2014, Vol. 4, no. 3, e197. doi: 10.1038/bcj.2014.14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gang A.O., Frosig T.M., Brimnes M.K. 5-Azacytidine treatment sensitizes tumor cells to T-cell mediated cytotoxicity and modulates NK cells in patients with myeloid malignancies. Blood Cancer J., 2014, Vol. 4, no. 3, e197. doi: 10.1038/bcj.2014.14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao X.N., Lin J., Wang L.L., Yu L. Demethylating treatment suppresses natural killer cell cytolytic activity. Mol Immunol., 2009, Vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 2064-2070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao X.N., Lin J., Wang L.L., Yu L. Demethylating treatment suppresses natural killer cell cytolytic activity. Mol Immunol., 2009, Vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 2064-2070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardin C., Dombret H. Hypomethylating agents as a therapy for AML. Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep., 2017, Vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardin C., Dombret H. Hypomethylating agents as a therapy for AML. Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep., 2017, Vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardiner C.M. NK cell metabolism. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2019, Vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 1235-1242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardiner C.M. NK cell metabolism. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2019, Vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 1235-1242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoglund P., Brodin P. Current perspectives of natural killer cell education by MHC class I molecules. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 724-734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoglund P., Brodin P. Current perspectives of natural killer cell education by MHC class I molecules. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 724-734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horowitz A., Strauss-Albee D.M., Leipold M., Kubo J., Nemat-Gorgani N., Dogan O.C., Dekker C.L., Mackey S., Maecker H., Swan G.E., Davis M.M., Norman P.J., Guethlein L.A., Desai M., Parham P., Blish C.A. Genetic and environmental determinants of human NK cell diversity revealed by mass cytometry. Sci. Transl. Med., 2013, Vol. 5, no. 208, 208ra145. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horowitz A., Strauss-Albee D.M., Leipold M., Kubo J., Nemat-Gorgani N., Dogan O.C., Dekker C.L., Mackey S., Maecker H., Swan G.E., Davis M.M., Norman P.J., Guethlein L.A., Desai M., Parham P., Blish C.A. Genetic and environmental determinants of human NK cell diversity revealed by mass cytometry. Sci. Transl. Med., 2013, Vol. 5, no. 208, 208ra145. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hourigan C.S., Karp J.E. Development of therapeutic agents for older patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2010, Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 669-677.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hourigan C.S., Karp J.E. Development of therapeutic agents for older patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2010, Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 669-677.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacobs B., Tognarelli S., Poller K., Bader P., Mackensen A., Ullrich E. NK Cell subgroups, phenotype, and functions after autologous stem cell transplantation. Front. Immunol., 2015, Vol. 6, p. 583. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00583.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacobs B., Tognarelli S., Poller K., Bader P., Mackensen A., Ullrich E. NK Cell subgroups, phenotype, and functions after autologous stem cell transplantation. Front. Immunol., 2015, Vol. 6, p. 583. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00583.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kantarjian H.M., Issa J.P. Decitabine dosing schedules. Semin. Hematol., 2005, Vol. 42, no. 3, Suppl. 2, pp. S17-S22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kantarjian H.M., Issa J.P. Decitabine dosing schedules. Semin. Hematol., 2005, Vol. 42, no. 3, Suppl. 2, pp. S17-S22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy J.A., Ebert B.L. Clinical implications of genetic mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome. J. Clin. Oncol., 2017, Vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 968-974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy J.A., Ebert B.L. Clinical implications of genetic mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome. J. Clin. Oncol., 2017, Vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 968-974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell K.S., Hasegawa J. Natural killer cell biology: an update and future directions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2013 Vol. 132, Iss. 3, pp. 536-544.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell K.S., Hasegawa J. Natural killer cell biology: an update and future directions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2013 Vol. 132, Iss. 3, pp. 536-544.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koeffler H.P., Leong G. Preleukemia: one name, many meanings. Leukemia, 2017, Vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 534-542.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koeffler H.P., Leong G. Preleukemia: one name, many meanings. Leukemia, 2017, Vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 534-542.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kopp L.M., Ray A., Denman C.J., Senyukov V.S., Somanchi S.S., Zhu S., Lee D.A. Decitabine has a biphasic effect on natural killer cell viability, phenotype, and function under proliferative conditions. Mol. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 54, no. 3-4, pp. 296-301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopp L.M., Ray A., Denman C.J., Senyukov V.S., Somanchi S.S., Zhu S., Lee D.A. Decitabine has a biphasic effect on natural killer cell viability, phenotype, and function under proliferative conditions. Mol. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 54, no. 3-4, pp. 296-301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuykendall A., Duployez N., Boissel N., Lancet J.E., Welch J.S. Acute myeloid leukemia: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book, 2018, Vol. 38 pp. 555-573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuykendall A., Duployez N., Boissel N., Lancet J.E., Welch J.S. Acute myeloid leukemia: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book, 2018, Vol. 38 pp. 555-573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindblad K.E., Goswami M., Hourigan C.S., Oetjen K.A. Immunological effects of hypomethylating agents. Expert Rev. Hematol., 2017, Vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 745-752.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindblad K.E., Goswami M., Hourigan C.S., Oetjen K.A. Immunological effects of hypomethylating agents. Expert Rev. Hematol., 2017, Vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 745-752.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma Y.Y., Zhao M., Liu Y. et al. Use of decitabine for patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hematology, 2019, Vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 507-515.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma Y.Y., Zhao M., Liu Y. et al. Use of decitabine for patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hematology, 2019, Vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 507-515.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montalban-Bravo G., Garcia-Manero G. Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2018 update on diagnosis, riskstratification and management. Am. J. Hematol., 2018,, Vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 129-147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montalban-Bravo G., Garcia-Manero G. Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2018 update on diagnosis, riskstratification and management. Am. J. Hematol., 2018,, Vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 129-147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muntasell A., Ochoa M.C., Cordeiro L. et al. Targeting NK-cell checkpoints for cancer immunotherapy. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 45 pp. 73-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muntasell A., Ochoa M.C., Cordeiro L. et al. Targeting NK-cell checkpoints for cancer immunotherapy. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 45 pp. 73-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raneros A.B., Minguela A., Rodriguez R.M., Colado E., Bernal T., Anguita E., Mogorron A.V., Gil A.C., Vidal-Castiñeira J.R., Márquez-Kisinousky L., Bulnes P.D., Marin A.M., Garay M.C.G., Suarez-Alvarez B., LopezLarrea C. Increasing TIMP3 expression by hypomethylating agents diminishes soluble MICA, MICB and ULBP2 shedding in acute myeloid leukemia, facilitating NK cell-mediated immune recognition. Oncotarget, 2017, Vol. 8, no. 19, pp. 31959-31976.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raneros A.B., Minguela A., Rodriguez R.M., Colado E., Bernal T., Anguita E., Mogorron A.V., Gil A.C., Vidal-Castiñeira J.R., Márquez-Kisinousky L., Bulnes P.D., Marin A.M., Garay M.C.G., Suarez-Alvarez B., LopezLarrea C. Increasing TIMP3 expression by hypomethylating agents diminishes soluble MICA, MICB and ULBP2 shedding in acute myeloid leukemia, facilitating NK cell-mediated immune recognition. Oncotarget, 2017, Vol. 8, no. 19, pp. 31959-31976.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rohner A., Langenkamp U., Siegler U., Kalberer C.P., Wodnar-Filipowicz A. Differentiation-promoting drugs up-regulate NKG2D ligand expression and enhance the susceptibility of acute myeloid leukemia cells to natural killer cell-mediated lysis. Leuk. Res., 2007, Vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 1393-1402.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rohner A., Langenkamp U., Siegler U., Kalberer C.P., Wodnar-Filipowicz A. Differentiation-promoting drugs up-regulate NKG2D ligand expression and enhance the susceptibility of acute myeloid leukemia cells to natural killer cell-mediated lysis. Leuk. Res., 2007, Vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 1393-1402.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato T., Issa J.J., Kropf P. DNA hypomethylating drugs in cancer therapy. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2017, Vol. 7, no. 5, a026948. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026948.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato T., Issa J.J., Kropf P. DNA hypomethylating drugs in cancer therapy. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2017, Vol. 7, no. 5, a026948. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026948.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmiedel B.J., Arelin V., Gruenebach F., Krusch M., Schmidt S.M., Salih H.R. Azacytidine impairs NK cell reactivity while decitabine augments NK cell responsiveness toward stimulation. Int. J. Cancer, 2011, Vol. 128, no. 12, pp. 2911-2922.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmiedel B.J., Arelin V., Gruenebach F., Krusch M., Schmidt S.M., Salih H.R. Azacytidine impairs NK cell reactivity while decitabine augments NK cell responsiveness toward stimulation. Int. J. Cancer, 2011, Vol. 128, no. 12, pp. 2911-2922.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seelan R.S., Mukhopadhyay P., Pisano M.M., Greene R.M. Effects of 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine (decitabine) on gene expression. Drug Metab. Rev., 2018, Vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 193-207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seelan R.S., Mukhopadhyay P., Pisano M.M., Greene R.M. Effects of 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine (decitabine) on gene expression. Drug Metab. Rev., 2018, Vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 193-207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sohlberg E., Pfefferle A., Andersson S., Baumann B.C., Hellstrom-Lindberg E., Malmberg K.J. Imprint of 5-azacytidine on the natural killer cell repertoire during systemic treatment for high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Oncotarget, 2015, Vol. 6, no. 33, pp. 34178-34190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sohlberg E., Pfefferle A., Andersson S., Baumann B.C., Hellstrom-Lindberg E., Malmberg K.J. Imprint of 5-azacytidine on the natural killer cell repertoire during systemic treatment for high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Oncotarget, 2015, Vol. 6, no. 33, pp. 34178-34190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strauss-Albee D.M., Fukuyama J., Liang E.C. et al. Human NK cell repertoire diversity reflects immune experience and correlates with viral susceptibility. Sci. Transl. Med., 2015, Vol. 7, 297, 297ra115. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5722.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strauss-Albee D.M., Fukuyama J., Liang E.C. et al. Human NK cell repertoire diversity reflects immune experience and correlates with viral susceptibility. Sci. Transl. Med., 2015, Vol. 7, 297, 297ra115. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5722.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasu S., He S., Cheney C. Decitabine enhances anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody BI 836858-mediated natural killer ADCC against AML blasts. Blood, 2016, Vol. 127, no. 23, pp. 2879-2889.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasu S., He S., Cheney C. Decitabine enhances anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody BI 836858-mediated natural killer ADCC against AML blasts. Blood, 2016, Vol. 127, no. 23, pp. 2879-2889.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verheyden S., Bernier M., Demanet C. Identification of natural killer cell receptor phenotypes associated with leukemia. Leukemia, 2004, Vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2002-2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verheyden S., Bernier M., Demanet C. Identification of natural killer cell receptor phenotypes associated with leukemia. Leukemia, 2004, Vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2002-2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verheyden S., Demanet C. Susceptibility to myeloid and lymphoid leukemia is mediated by distinct inhibitory KIR-HLA ligand interactions. Leukemia, 2006, Vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1437-1438.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verheyden S., Demanet C. Susceptibility to myeloid and lymphoid leukemia is mediated by distinct inhibitory KIR-HLA ligand interactions. Leukemia, 2006, Vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1437-1438.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang E.S. Treating acute myeloid leukemia in older adults. Hematology. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program, 2014, Vol. 2014, no. 1, pp. 14-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang E.S. Treating acute myeloid leukemia in older adults. Hematology. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program, 2014, Vol. 2014, no. 1, pp. 14-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiencke J.K., Butler R., Hsuang G. et al. The DNA methylation profile of activated human natural killer cells. Epigenetics, Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 363-380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiencke J.K., Butler R., Hsuang G. et al. The DNA methylation profile of activated human natural killer cells. Epigenetics, Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 363-380.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang H., Bueso-Ramos C., DiNardo C., Estecio M.R., Davanlou M., Geng Q.R., Fang Z., Nguyen M., Pierce S., Wei Y., Parmar S., Cortes J., Kantarjian H., Garcia-Manero G. Expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1 and CTLA4 in myelodysplastic syndromes is enhanced by treatment with hypomethylating agents. Leukemia, 2014, Vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1280-1288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang H., Bueso-Ramos C., DiNardo C., Estecio M.R., Davanlou M., Geng Q.R., Fang Z., Nguyen M., Pierce S., Wei Y., Parmar S., Cortes J., Kantarjian H., Garcia-Manero G. Expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1 and CTLA4 in myelodysplastic syndromes is enhanced by treatment with hypomethylating agents. Leukemia, 2014, Vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1280-1288.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu G., Wu Y., Wang W., Xu J., Lv X., Cao X., Wan T. Low-dose decitabine enhances the effect of PD-1 blockade in colorectal cancer with microsatellite stability by re-modulating the tumor microenvironment. Cell. Mol. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 401-409.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu G., Wu Y., Wang W., Xu J., Lv X., Cao X., Wan T. Low-dose decitabine enhances the effect of PD-1 blockade in colorectal cancer with microsatellite stability by re-modulating the tumor microenvironment. Cell. Mol. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 401-409.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zunke F., Rose-John S. The shedding protease ADAM17: physiology and pathophysiology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell. Res., 2017, Vol. 1864, no. 11, Pt B, pp. 2059-2070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zunke F., Rose-John S. The shedding protease ADAM17: physiology and pathophysiology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell. Res., 2017, Vol. 1864, no. 11, Pt B, pp. 2059-2070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
