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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-IOB-2079</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-2079</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Взаимодействие бактериальных внеклеточных микровезикул и эукариотических клеток</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Interaction of bacterial extracellular microvesicles with eukaryotic cells.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шлыкова</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shlykova</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шлыкова Дарья Сергеевна – научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярных механизмов критических состояний</p><p>107031, Москва, ул. Петровка, 25, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Shlykova Darya S., Research Associate, Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Critical Illness</p><p>107031, Moscow, Petrovka str., 25, bldg 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dshlykova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-9846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Писарев</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pisarev</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Писарев Владимир Митрофанович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией молекулярных механизмов критических состояний НИИ общей реаниматологии имени В.А. Неговского ФГБНУ «Федеральный научноклинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии»; ведущий научный сотрудник ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pisarev Vladimir M., PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Critical Illness V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology of Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology; Leading Research Associate, D. Rogachev Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vpisarev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гапонов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaponov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гапонов Андрей Михайлович – кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией инфекционной иммунологии ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева» Министерства здравоохранения РФ; ведущий научный сотрудник ФГБНУ «Федеральный научноклинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии»</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gaponov Andrey M., PhD (Medicine), Head, Laboratory of Infection Immunology, D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology; Leading Research Associate , Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zorba@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тутельян</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tutelyan</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тутельян Алексей Викторович – доктор медицинских наук, член-корреспондент РАН, заведующий лабораторией инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tutelyan Alexey V., PhD, MD (Medicine), Corresponding Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Head, Laboratory of Healthcare-Associated Infections</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bio-tav@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ общей реаниматологии имени В.А. Неговского ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology of Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ общей реаниматологии имени В.А. Неговского ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии»;&#13;
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева» Министерства здравоохранения РФ&#13;
&#13;
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Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева Минздрава России, Москва, Россия</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology of Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology;&#13;
D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ общей реаниматологии имени В.А. Неговского ФГБНУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии»;&#13;
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology of Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology;&#13;
D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение науки центрального научно-исследовательского института Эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора, Москва, Россия</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1065</fpage><lpage>1084</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шлыкова Д.С., Писарев В.М., Гапонов А.М., Тутельян А.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шлыкова Д.С., Писарев В.М., Гапонов А.М., Тутельян А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shlykova D.S., Pisarev V.M., Gaponov A.M., Tutelyan A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2079">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2079</self-uri><abstract><p>Бактериальные внеклеточные микровезикулы (БМВ) секретируются патогенными, непатогенными и условно-патогенными бактериями. БМВ представляют собой сферические органеллы с бислойной мембраной, содержащие различные грузы: липополисахариды, патоген-ассоциированные молекулярные паттерны (PAMP), ДНК, РНК, сигнальные молекулы, белки, факторы устойчивости к антибиотикам, факторы вирулентности и токсины, обеспечивающие различные варианты иммунного ответа и благоприятствующие выживанию и распространению патогена в организме. Функции, связанные с выделением везикул, играют важную роль в способности микроорганизмов вызывать различные заболевания. БМВ помогают бактериям уклоняться от иммунной реакции хозяина, обеспечивают коммуникацию, выживание в стрессовой среде внутри хозяина во время инфекции, участвуют в формировании биопленок, а также помогают получить питание в среде с недостатком питательных веществ. Гетерогенность механизмов биогенеза обуславливают различия переносимых БМВ и их характеристик, включая степень вирулентности. Проникновение БМВ в клетки хозяина может осуществляться с помощью нескольких механизмов и способствует активации врожденных и адаптивных иммунных реакций. Обзор сфокусирован на исследованиях взаимодействия БМВ и различных типов эукариотических клеток, включая нейтрофилы, дендритные клетки, макрофаги, эпителиальные, эндотелиальные клетки. В зависимости от вида бактерий, типа клетки-мишени и количества везикул такое взаимодействие может привести к различным ответам: неиммуногенным, провоспалительным, цитотоксическим. Представлены субклеточные и молекулярные механизмы, связанные с участием внеклеточных микровезикул, в модулировании иммунного ответа хозяина. Стимуляция иммунного ответа обеспечивается усилением секреции провоспалительных цитокинов и хемокинов. В ряде случаев БМВ используют механизмы для ускользания от иммунного надзора: синтез противовоспалительных цитокинов, нарушение и ограничение фагоцитоза и хемотаксиса макрофагов, усиление протеолитического расщепления CD14 на поверхности макрофагов, нарушение антиген-презентирующей функции дендритных клеток и подавление индукции пролиферации Т-клеток, уменьшение интенсивности синтеза провоспалительных цитокинов, избегание прямого взаимодействия с клетками иммунной системы хозяина, разрушение нейтрофильных ловушек. Это позволяет выживать клеткам бактерий в организме человека и увеличить инвазивный потенциал, а также снижать избыточность воспалительных реакций, которые могут привести как к гибели самого патогена, так и к жизнеугрожающим повреждениям тканей и органов организма-хозяина. Дальнейшие исследования этих механизмов позволят получить новые и улучшить уже имеющиеся терапевтические подходы в лечении инфекционных заболеваний.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Bacterial extracellular microvesicles (BMV) are formed by nonpathogenic, pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. BMV are spherical bilayer-membrane organelles containing different cargoes: lipopolysaccharides, pathogen associated molecular patterns (PUMP), DNA, RNA, signal molecules, proteins, antibiotic resistance factors, virulence factors, toxins providing various immune response options and conducive to the survival and pathogen dissemination in the human body. BMVs secretion play an important role in the ability of microorganisms to cause various diseases. BMV are involved in biofilms formation, help bacteria to obtain nutrition in a nutrient-poor conditions, to evade the host's immune response, provide communication and surviving in a stressful environment during infection inside the host. The heterogeneity of the biogenesis mechanisms causes differences in the BMV and their characteristics including virulence rate. BMVs host cells entering is mediated by several mechanisms and helps to activate innate and adaptive immune reactions. This review focuses on interaction study of BMV with various eukaryotic cells types including neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial, endothelial cells. This interaction depends on bacteria species, type of target cell and number of vesicles and can lead to different responses: non-immunogenic, pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic. Subcellular and molecular mechanisms related to the involvement of extracellular microvesicles in host's immune response modulation are presented. Stimulation of immune response is provided by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In some cases BMV use mechanisms to evade immune surveillance: anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion, alterations of phagocytosis and chemotaxis of macrophages, increasing the proteolytic cleavage of CD14 on the macrophage surface, alterations of antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells, T-cell proliferation suppression, reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, evasion of host-immune cells direct interactions, destruction of neutrophilic traps. These features allow bacterial cells to survive in the human body, increase their invasive potential, and reduce the excessive inflammatory reactions leading to death of the pathogen itself and life-threatening damage of tissues and organs of the host. Further studies of these mechanisms will improve existing therapeutic approaches to the infectious diseases treatment.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бактериальные внеклеточные микровезикулы</kwd><kwd>иммунная система</kwd><kwd>модуляция иммунного ответа</kwd><kwd>инфекционные заболевания</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bacterial extracellular microvesicles</kwd><kwd>immune system</kwd><kwd>immune response modulation</kwd><kwd>infectious diseases</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белобородова Н.В., Острова И.В. Сепсис-ассоциированная энцефалопатия // Общая реаниматология, 2017. Т. 13, № 5. С. 121-139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beloborodova N.B., Ostrova I.V. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (Review). 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