mimmunМедицинская иммунологияMedical Immunology (Russia)1563-06252313-741XSPb RAACI10.15789/1563-0625-TPO-2048mimmun-2048Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSДве пандемии XXI века: COVID-19 и «свиной» грипп 2009Two pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 2009https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-7688ИльичеваТ. Н.IlyichevaT. N.

Ильичева Татьяна Николаевна – доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела зоонозных инфекций и гриппа ФБУН «Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии „Вектор“» Роспотребнадзора; профессор факультета естественных наук ФГБОУ ВО «Новосибирский государственный университет»

630559, Новосибирская обл., р. п. Кольцово, пр. Академика Сандахчиева, 37, кв. 50

Ilyicheva Tatyana N., PhD, MD (Biology), Leading Research Associate, Department of Zoonotic Infections and Influenza, “Vector” State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region; Professor of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University

630559, Novosibirsk Region, Koltsovo, Acad. Sandakhciev ave., 37, apt 50

ilyichev@mail.ruФБУН «Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии „Вектор“» Роспотребнадзора; ФГБОУ ВО «Новосибирский государственный университет»Россия“Vector” State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology; Novosibirsk Region, Russian Federation Novosibirsk State UniversityRussian Federation20203112202022610351044Copyright © Ильичева Т.Н., 20212021Ильичева Т.Н.Ilyicheva T.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2048

 Представлен краткий аналитический обзор, посвященный распространению, этиологии, патогенезу, профилактике и лечению заболеваний COVID-19 и свиного гриппа, вызвавших пандемии в XXI веке. Обе пандемии вызваны респираторными вирусами, но относящимися к разным семействам, Coronaviridae (SARS-CoV-2) и Orthomyxoviridae (вирус гриппа A(H1N1)pdm09). Чаще входными воротами обоих патогенов являются эпителиальные клетки верхних дыхательных путей. Иногда эти вирусы инфицируют эпителий кишечного тракта. Поскольку симптомы гриппа и COVID-19 схожи, постановка диагноза должна обязательно базироваться на результатах лабораторных анализов, в первую очередь данных ПЦР о наличии РНК вируса в клиническом материале. Описаны различия и сходство в иммунопатогенезе заболеваний. Указываются основные, на взгляд автора, особенности в протекании пандемий, вызванных коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2 и вирусом гриппа A(H1N1)pdm09. Наличие гриппозной вакцины и этиотропных химиопрепаратов, а также предсуществующего иммунитета к вирусу гриппа у пожилых людей в 2009 году оказали существенное влияние на заболеваемость и смертность во время пандемии гриппа. Наличие антител к вирусу A(H1N1)pdm09 в сыворотках пожилых людей до начала пандемии объясняется тем, что вирус А(H1N1), циркулировавший до 1957 года, по антигенным свойствам был похож на вирус A/California/07/09 (H1N1)pdm09. В связи с этим заболеваемость и смертность среди людей старше 65 лет (основная группа риска) была низкой, а чаще болели дети и молодые взрослые. Ситуация с COVID-19 противоположная: смертность значительно выше среди пожилого населения, дети и молодые взрослые, как правило, переносят инфекцию бессимптомно или в легкой форме. Высказывается предположение о наличии иммунитета к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 у жителей Юго-Восточной Азии: возможно, коронавирусы, по антигенным свойствам подобные пандемическому, циркулировали в этом регионе, бессимптомно инфицируя людей, пока один или несколько вирусных вариантов не стали причиной тяжелого заболевания, вызвав вспышку COVID-19 в Ухани.

 This brief analytical review is devoted to spreading, etiology, pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment of COVID-19 and “swine flu” causing pandemics in the 21st century. Both pandemics were caused by respiratory viruses belonging to different families, i.e., Coronaviridae (SARS-CoV-2) and Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus), respectively. In most cases, pathogens enter human organisms via epithelial cells of the upper airways. Sometimes, these viruses infect intestinal epithelium. Given that symptoms of influenza and COVID-19 are similar, its diagnostics should always be based on laboratory results, especially, PCR evidence for specific RNA presence in clinical material. The paper describes similarities and differences in immune pathogenesis of the diseases. The main characteristics of two pandemic courses caused by SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 are revealed. The presence of influenza vaccine and etiotropic chemotherapeutic agents, as well as preexisting immunity to influenza virus among elderly people in 2009 had a significant influence on morbidity and mortality during the influenza pandemic. The presence of antibodies to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in sera of elderly people before the pandemic can be explained by the fact that some antigenic properties of A(H1N1) virus which circulated before 1957 were similar to that of A/California/07/09 (H1N1)pdm09. Consequently, morbidity and mortality among people older than 65 (main risk group) were low, while children and young adults suffered more often. The opposite pattern is observed for COVID-19, since mortality among the elderly population is high, while the children and young adults have an asymptomatic or mild form of a disease. A suggestion is made that population in the South-East Asia may have immunity against SARS-CoV-2, since coronaviruses with antigenic features similar to the pandemic one could circulate in that region and infect population without evident symptoms, while one or several recent virus variants caused severe disease and COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan.

 

 

 

 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.