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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-2019-5-821-834</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1655</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>АНАЛИЗ ЦИТОАРХИТЕКТОНИКИ TLR2+ И TLR4+ ЛИМФОЦИТОВ И ТРАНСКРИПЦИОННОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ГЕНОВ Gp2, Spi-B, Nf-kB1, с-REL, TNFα И TNFr В КАЛТ КРЫС ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОМ САХАРНОМ ДИАБЕТЕ И ПОСЛЕ ВВЕДЕНИЙ ПЕНТОКСИФИЛЛИНА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>ANALYSIS OF CYTOARCHITECTONICS OF TLR2+ AND TLR4+ LYMPHOCYTES AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE GENES Gp2, Spi-B, Nf-kB1, с-REL, TNFα AND TNFr IN GALT OF RATS IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS AND AFTER PENTOXIFYLLINE ADMINISTRATION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деген</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Degen</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Деген Анна Сергеевна, ассистент кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии</p><p>69035, Украина, г. Запорожье, пр. Маяковского, 26.</p><p>Тел.: +38 (067) 935-45-83, (099) 069-52-28.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Degen Anna S., Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology</p><p>69035, Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Mayakovsky ave., 26.</p><p>Phone: +38 (067) 935-45-83, (099) 069-52-28.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">annadegenjena@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваль</surname><given-names>Г. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koval</surname><given-names>G. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры клинической иммунологии, аллергологии и эндокринологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Endocrinology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Koval.Halyna@bsmu.edu.ua</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухомлинова</surname><given-names>И. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhomlinova</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры нормальной физиологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Normal Physiology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irinasukhomlinova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры нормальной физиологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Normal Physiology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oksanamorozova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камышный</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamyshnyi</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexkamyshnyi@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Запорожский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Украина</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Zaporozhye State Medical University</institution><country>Ukraine</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Буковинский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Украина</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bukovinian State Medical University</institution><country>Ukraine</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>821</fpage><lpage>834</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Деген А.С., Коваль Г.Д., Сухомлинова И.Е., Морозова О.В., Камышный А.М., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Деген А.С., Коваль Г.Д., Сухомлинова И.Е., Морозова О.В., Камышный А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Degen A.S., Koval G.D., Sukhomlinova I.E., Morozova O.V., Kamyshnyi A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2019-21-5-5">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2019-21-5-5</self-uri><abstract><p>Критически важными в развитии СД 1 типа являются изменения состояния кишечно-ассоциированной лимфоидной ткани (КАЛТ) и состава микробиома кишечника как в условиях экспериментального STZ-индуцированного диабета, так и при развитии СД 1 типа у людей и хронического воспаления за счет стимуляции врожденного звена иммунитета. Одним из наиболее важных посредников во взаимодействии между кишечным микробиомом и КАЛТ являются специализированные М-клетки фолликул-ассоциированного эпителия, обеспечивающие трансцитотическую доставку антигенов подлежащим лимфоидным структурам. Вспомогательную роль в образовании М-клеток играет и TNFα-сигнализация. Поэтому целью нашей работы было изучение особенностей экспрессии TLRs и транскрипционной активности генов Gp2, Spi-B, Nf-kB1, с-Rel, TNFα и TNFr в КАЛТ при экспериментальном сахарном диабете (ЭСД) и после введения пентоксифиллина. Для идентификации TLR2+ клеток и TLR4+ клеток применяли иммунофлюоресцентный метод с использованием моноклональных антител к соответствующим паттерн-распознающим рецепторам. Для изучения транскрипционной активности генов использовали метод полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией в режиме реального времени (ОТ-ПЛР). В ходе развития экспериментальной патологии длительностью 2 и 4 недели наблюдалось снижение суммарной плотности TLR2+ и TLR4+ лимфоцитов в СПСОВ и ИЛФ подвздошной кишки крыс. При этом плотность TLR2 на мембране иммунопозитивных клеток увеличивалась у малых, а TLR4 – у средних и малых лимфоцитов. Введение пентоксифиллина диабетическим крысам приводило к снижению суммарной плотности TLR2+ клеток на 2-й неделе развития патологии и к увеличениию данного показателя на 4-й неделе. Суммарная плотность TLR4+ клеток демонстрировала динамику к росту только в СПСОВ на 2-й неделе развития ЭСД на фоне введения пентоксифиллина. Изменения плотности TLR2 иTLR4 на поверхности лимфоцитов носили разнонаправленный характер. Развитие диабета нашло свое отражение и в транскрипционной индукции генов ключевых транскрипционных факторов NF-kB1 и c-Rel в клетках КАЛТ как на 2-й, так и на 4-й неделе развития ЭСД. Тогда как введение пентоксифиллина достоверно снижало уровень нормализованной экспресии мРНК NF-kB1 в течение всего срока наблюдений и увеличивало данный показатель для мРНК c-Rel на 2-й неделе. Отмечен рост нормализованной экспресии маркеров М-клеток Gp2 и Spi-B как на 2-й, так и на 4-й неделе развития экспериментальной патологии. Введение пентоксифиллина диабетическим животным в большей степени нашло свое отражение в изменении интенсивности экспрессии мРНК маркера зрелых М-клеток Gp2 – данный показатель увеличивался на 2-й неделе развития патологии, а на 4-й демонстрировал динамику к снижению. Развитие ЭСД приводило к достоверному повышению уровня нормализованной экспрессии провоспалительного цитокина TNFα и его рецептора TNFr и демонстрировало динамику к снижению на фоне введения пентоксифиллина диабетическим животным.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Summary.</p><p>Changes in the state of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and the composition of the intestinal microbiome, both in experimental STZ-induced diabetes and in development of type 1 diabetes in humans as well as chronic inflammation due to stimulation of innate immunity are crucially important in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus. One of the most important mediators for interactions between the intestinal microbiome and GALT are specialized M cells of the follicle-associated epithelium, providing transcytotic delivery of antigens to the underlying lymphoid structures. TNFα-signaling also plays a supporting role in the formation of M cells. Therefore, the aim of our work was to study some features of TLRs expression and transcriptional activity of the Gp2, Spi-B, Nf-kB1, c-Rel, TNFα and TNFr genes in GALT in experimental diabetes mellitus (EDM), and after pentoxifylline administration. To identify TLR2+ cells and TLR4+ cells, an immunofluorescence method was used with monoclonal antibodies to corresponding pattern-recognizing receptors. To study the transcriptional activity of genes, the method of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used. In the course of developing experimental pathology, at the terms of 2 and 4 weeks, a decrease in the total density of TLR2+ and TLR4+ lymphocytes was observed in lamina propria of villus (villus) and subepithelial zone isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF) of rat ileum. At the same time, the density of TLR2 on the membrane of immunopositive cells was increased for small lymphocytes, and TLR4 density has became higher in medium and small lymphocytes. The pentoxifylline administration to diabetic rats resulted in a decrease in the total density of TLR2+ cells at the 2nd week of development of the pathology, and an increase in this index at the 4th week. The total density of TLR4+ cells showed changing growth rates only in villus at the 2nd week of EDM development in the presence of pentoxifylline. Changes in the density of TLR2 and TLR4 on the surface of lymphocytes were multidirectional. The development of diabetes is also reflected in the transcriptional induction of genes of the key transcription factors NF-kB1 and c-Rel in GALT cells at both the 2nd and 4th week of the development of EDM. Meanwhile, administration of pentoxifylline resulted in a significantly reduced level of normalized expression of NF-kB1 mRNA during the entire observation period and increased this indicator for c-Rel mRNA at the 2nd week. The growth of normalized expression of markers of M cells Gp2 and Spi-B was observed both on the 2nd and on the 4th week of the development of experimental pathology. Administration of pentoxifylline to diabetic animals was largely reflected in the change in the intensity of mRNA expression of the mature M cell Gp2 marker. This parameter was increased during the 2nd week of developing pathology, and on the 4th week, a downward trend was shown. The development of EDM led to a significantly increased level of near-normalized expression of proinflammatory TNFα cytokine and its receptor TNFr, and demonstrated a trend towards their decrease following pentoxifylline administration in diabetic animals.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экспериментальный сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>кишечно-ассоциированная лимфоидная ткань</kwd><kwd>TLR2</kwd><kwd>TLR4</kwd><kwd>M-клетки</kwd><kwd>пентоксифиллин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>experimental diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>gut-associated lymphoid tissue</kwd><kwd>TLR2</kwd><kwd>TLR4</kwd><kwd>M cells</kwd><kwd>pentoxifilline</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Деген А.С., Камышный А.М. 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