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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-2019-2-303-312</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1591</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МЕТОД ИММУНОСИГНАТУРЫ В ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ РАССТРОЙСТВ АУТИСТИЧЕСКОГО СПЕКТРА. ПИЛОТНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>METHOD OF IMMUNOSIGNATURE IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS. A PILOT STUDY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5041-6440</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филиппова</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filippova</surname><given-names>Yu. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры микробиологии, иммунологии и общей биологии биологического факультета</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and General Biology, Faculty of Biology CSU</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">julse@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нохрин</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nokhrin</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры микробиологии, иммунологии и общей биологии биологического факультета</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and General Biology, Faculty of Biology, CSU</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nokhrin8@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурмистрова</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burmistrova</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой микробиологии, иммунологии и общей биологии биологического факультета</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and General Biology, Dean of the Faculty of Biology CSU</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">burmal@csu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО Челябинский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chelyabinsk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>303</fpage><lpage>312</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Филиппова Ю.Ю., Нохрин Д.Ю., Бурмистрова А.Л., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Филиппова Ю.Ю., Нохрин Д.Ю., Бурмистрова А.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Filippova Y.Y., Nokhrin D.Y., Burmistrova A.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2019-21-2-11">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2019-21-2-11</self-uri><abstract><p>Большой и разнообразный репертуар антител кодирует историю прошлого иммунологического опыта, создавая глобальную сеть системы регуляции организма. В этой статье мы предлагаем использовать пептидный микрочип (метод «иммуносигнатуры») для оценки глобальных индивидуальных паттернов антител и биоинформационный анализ данных для дифференциальной диагностики расстройств аутистического спектра. Пептидный микрочип состоит из 124000 случайным образом синтезированных антигенных миметиков, ковалентно связанных с поверхностью стеклянного слайда. Капля плазмы тестируется на наличие антител определенной реактивности, путем измерения связывания их с каждым антигенным миметиком микрочипа с помощью флуоресцентного окрашивания вторичными IgG-антителами, и такая реакция учитывается при лазерной активации. Файлы оцифрованных данных интенсивности флуоресценции, которая презентовала реактивность антител плазмы, связавшихся с антигенными миметиками, использовали для биоинформационного анализа. Обработка данных была проведена пакетами проекта Bioconductor для программно-статистической среды R. На этапе предобработки полученных данных, для выравнивания распределений показателей реактивности антител, применяли квантильную нормализацию. Данные по образцам и другую необходимую информацию объединяли в один файл-контейнер класса ExpessionSet. Для сравнения контрольной и опытной групп использовали однофакторный дисперсионный анализ в модификации Уэлча (для неравных дисперсий). Полученные оценки разности средних значений и статистической значимости P использовали далее для построения вулканной диаграммы, для ранжирования и отбора наиболее перспективных показателей реактивности антител. Для дифференциальной диагностики аутизма и оценки диагностической значимости метода иммуносигнатуры была построена тепловая карта. При построении тепловой карты использовали стандартизованные значения логарифмов реактивности антител и результаты иерархического кластерного анализа, проведённого методом Уорда, с использованием в качестве меры сходства корреляции Пирсона. В результате биоинформационного анализа данных было выбрано 73 антитела, реактивность которых имела статистически значимые различия в группах детей с аутизмом и типично развивающихся детей. Эти антитела были использованы для дифференциальной диагностики, ценность которой определяли при построении тепловой карты. Обнаружено, что группа детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра по показателям реактивности антител обладает выраженной гетерогенностью, и состоит как минимум из двух подгрупп. Кроме того, 60 антител у детей с аутизмом демонстрировали преимущественно среднюю и низкую реактивность, т.е. эти антитела имели слабую силу связывания с антигенными миметиками, и только 13 антител показывали высокую реактивность. В целом, специфичность диагностики расстройств аутистического спектра с помощью метода иммуносигнатуры составила 96,0% (95% ДИ от 82,8 до 99,6%), чувствительность – 78,3% (95% ДИ от 64,9 до 88,2%) и диагностическая эффективность – 82,7%. Наше пилотное исследование позволяет предложить метод иммуносигнатуры для дифференциальной диагностики аутизма и, возможно, расширить наше понимание нарушений при расстройствах аутистического спектра.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A large and diverse repertoire of antibodies encodes the history of past immunological experience, creating a global network of the body’s regulation system. In this article, we propose to use a peptide microarray (“immunosignature”) for evaluating global individual antibody patterns and bioinformatic data analysis for differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. The peptide microarray consists of 124 000 antigen mimetics with random sequences covalently bound to the surface of the glass slide. A drop of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies of distinct specificity, by measuring their binding to each antigen mimetic in the microarray detectable by fluorescent staining with secondary IgG antibodies, and this reaction is registered by laser activation assay. For bioinformatic analysis, we used the files of digitalized fluorescence intensity data, which presented the reactivity of plasma antibodies bound to antigen mimetics. Data processing was carried out by packages of the Bioconductor project for the R software environment to perform statistical evaluation. At the stage of primary data processing, the quantile normalization was used in order to equalize the distributions of antibodies’ reactivity. The sample data and other necessary information were combined into the discrete ExpessionSet container files. To compare the control and experimental groups, the Welch’s one-way ANOVA (for unequal variances) was used. The obtained estimates of the mean value differences and statistical significance of P levels were used further for constructing a volcano diagram, in order of ranking and selecting the most promising antibody reactivity parameters. For differential diagnosis of autism, and evaluation of diagnostic significance of the immunosignature method, a heatmap was constructed. The standardized values of the logarithms of antibody reactivity, and the results of the hierarchical cluster analysis performed by the Ward method using Pearson correlation, as a measure of similarity were used in constructing the heatmap. As a result of the bioinformatiс analysis of the data, 73 antibodies were selected whose reactivity had statistically significant differences in groups of children with autism and normally developing children. These antibodies were used for differential diagnosis, the value of which was determined in the heatmap construction. It was found that the group of children with autism spectrum disorders by the antibody reactivity exhibits marked heterogeneity, and consists of at least two subgroups. In addition, 60 antibodies in children with autism showed predominantly medium and low reactivity, i.e. these antibodies had a weak binding power with antigenic mimetics, and only 13 antibodies showed high reactivity. In general, diagnostic specificity of the autism spectrum disorders using immunosignature approach was 96.0% (95% CI 82.8 to 99.6%), sensitivity was 78.3% (95% CI 64.9 to 88.2%), and diagnostic efficiency was 82.7%. Our pilot study allows us to propose a method of immunosignature for differential diagnosis of autism and, possibly, to expand our understanding of autism spectrum disorders.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммуносигнатура</kwd><kwd>реактивность антител</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd><kwd>расстройства аутистического спектра</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>биоинформатика</kwd><kwd>иммунная сеть</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunosignature</kwd><kwd>antibody reactivity</kwd><kwd>differential diagnosis</kwd><kwd>autism spectrum disorders</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>bioinformatics immune network</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakroon A., Lakshminarayanan V. Visual function in autism spectrum disorders: a critical review. Clin. Exp. 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