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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-TMT-1909</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1909</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микроокружение опухоли: формирование иммунного профиля</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tumor microenvironment: the formation of the immune profile</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9266-1129</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олейник</surname><given-names>Е. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oleinik</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Олейник Евгения Константиновна - доктор биологических наук, доцент, главный научный сотрудник, руководитель группы иммунологии.</p><p>185910, Республика Карелия, Петрозаводск, ул. Пушкинская, 11, Тел.: 8 (8142) 76-98-10, Тел./факс: 8 (8142) 76-98-10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleinik Eugenia K. - PhD, MD (Biology), Associate Professor, Main Research Associate, Head of Immunology Group.</p><p>185910, Republic of Karelia, Petrozavodsk, Pushkinskaya str., 11. Phone: 7 (8142) 76-98-10, Phone/Fax: 7 (8142) 76-98-10</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ole@krc.karelia.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шибаев</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shibaev</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шибаев Михаил Игоревич — кандидат медицинских наук, хирург-онколог.</p><p>Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Oncology Surgeon.</p><p>Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mshib@karelia.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игнатьев</surname><given-names>К. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ignatiev</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игнатьев Кирилл Сергеевич — хирург-онколог.</p><p>Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oncology Surgeon. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ignatiev@onego.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олейник</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oleinik</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Олейник Виктор Михайлович — доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник.</p><p>Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Leading Research Associate.</p><p>Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">scigraph@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жулай</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhulai</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жулай Галина Анатольевна — младший научный сотрудник.</p><p>Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Research Associate.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Zgali-111@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН Институт биологии, Карельский научный центр, Российская академия наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ Республиканский онкологический диспансер</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Cancer Dispensary</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>207</fpage><lpage>220</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Олейник Е.К., Шибаев М.И., Игнатьев К.С., Олейник В.М., Жулай Г.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Олейник Е.К., Шибаев М.И., Игнатьев К.С., Олейник В.М., Жулай Г.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Oleinik E.K., Shibaev M.I., Ignatiev K.S., Oleinik V.M., Zhulai G.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1909">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1909</self-uri><abstract><p>Микроокружение опухоли (Tumor Microenvironment — ТМЕ) формируется в результате взаимодействия и образования перекрестных связей между опухолевой клеткой и разными типами окружающих клеток. Исследования последних лет показали, что опухоль так перепрограммирует микроокружение, что ТМЕ способствует развитию первичных опухолей, их метастазированию и становится важным регулятором онкогенеза. Под влиянием опухоли значительным изменениям, «редактированию», подвергается иммунный профиль в ТМЕ. Образуется иммунодепрессивная сеть, которая подавляет активность главного эффектора клеточного иммунитета — Т-лимфоцитов. Т-клетки в ТМЕ находятся в состоянии анергии и истощения и характеризуются повышенной экспрессией ингибирующих рецепторов, снижением секреции цитокинов и цитолитической активности. Блокирование ингибиторных рецепторов специфическими антителами может привести к восстановлению функций истощенных Т-клеток. Поэтому восстановление функциональной активности Т-лимфоцитов представляет одну из важных стратегий в иммунотерапии рака. На формирование иммунного профиля влияют накапливающиеся в опухоли генетические аберрации, которые играют важную роль в создании специфического, характерного только для данной опухоли иммунного окружения в ТМЕ. Генетические изменения опухолевых клеток приводят к фенотипическим и функциональным перестройкам лимфоцитов, что позволяет опухоли избегать реакции иммунных клеток. Поскольку многие опухоли возникают после длительного воспаления или проявляют характеристики хронического воспаления по мере прогрессирования, воспаление считается важным фактором формирования ТМЕ, оказывающим влияние на иммунный профиль. Иммунные инфильтраты из разных опухолей человека, ассоциированных с воспалением, могут содержать ценную прогностическую и патофизиологическую информацию. Так, макрофаги в ТМЕ уже стали рассматриваться как информативный маркер и как терапевтическая мишень. Одним из основных механизмов, с помощью которого опухолевые клетки перепрограммируют окружающие клетки, является выделение экзосом — мелких везикул, которые переносят и доставляют белки и нуклеиновые кислоты к другим клеткам. При поглощении экзосом-ного груза в реципиентной клетке происходят молекулярные, транскрипционные и трансляционные изменения, которые оказывают влияние на функции неопухолевых клеток в ТМЕ. Поэтому опухолевые экзосомы представляют собой эффективное средство, с помощью которого опухоль может изменять реактивность иммунных клеток в ТМЕ. Таким образом, наряду с индивидуальным молекулярным и геномным тестированием опухоли, следует обратить внимание на более глубокий анализ иммунного профиля ТМЕ, который представляет собой большой ресурс биомаркеров и мишеней для иммунотерапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Tumor microenvironment (TME) is formed as a result of interaction and cross-linking between the tumor cell and different types of surrounding cells. Recent studies have shown that the tumor reprograms the microenvironment so that TME promotes the development of primary tumors, their metastasis and becomes an important regulator of oncogenesis. Under the influence of the tumor, the immune profile in the TME undergoes significant changes, “editing". An immunosuppressive network is formed, which suppresses the activity of the main effector of cellular immunity — T lymphocytes. T cells in TMA are in a state of anergy and exhaustion. T cells in TME are characterized by increased expression of inhibitory receptors, decreased secretion of cytokines and cytolytic activity. Blocking inhibitory receptors with specific antibodies can lead to the restoration of the functions of exausted T cells. Therefore, the restoration of the functional activity of T lymphocytes is one of the important strategies in cancer immunotherapy. The formation of the immune profile is influenced by genetic aberrations accumulating in the tumor. They play an important role in creating a specific, characteristic only for this tumor immune environment in the TME. Genetic changes in tumor cells lead to phenotypic and functional rearrangements of lymphocytes, which allows the tumor to escape the reaction of immune cells. Since many tumors occur after prolonged inflammation or exhibit characteristics of chronic inflammation as they progress, inflammation is considered an important factor in the formation of immune profile in TME. Immune infiltrates from different human tumors associated with inflammation may contain valuable prognostic and pathophysiological information. Macrophages in the TME now began to be regarded as descriptive marker and as a therapeutic target. One of the main mechanisms by which tumor cells reprogram surrounding cells is the release of exosomes — small vesicles that carry and deliver proteins and nucleic acids to other cells. When exosomal cargo is absorbed, molecular, transcriptional and translational changes occur in the recipient non-tumor cells in the TME. Therefore, tumor exosomes are an effective means by which the functions of immune cells in TME are purposefully changed. Thus, along with individual molecular and genomic testing of the tumor, attention should be paid to a deeper analysis of the immune profile of TME. It is a large resource of biomarkers and targets for immunotherapy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микроокружение опухоли</kwd><kwd>Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>супрессия</kwd><kwd>опухоли</kwd><kwd>гетерогенность</kwd><kwd>экзосомы</kwd><kwd>иммунный профиль</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tumor microenvironment</kwd><kwd>T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>suppression</kwd><kwd>tumors</kwd><kwd>heterogeneity</kwd><kwd>exosomes</kwd><kwd>immune profile</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансовое обеспечение исследований осуществлялось из средств федерального бюджета на выполнение государственного задания КарНЦ РАН, бюджетная тема № 0218-2019-0083</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Medical Immunology (Russia)/ Meditsinskaya Immunologiya 2020, Vol. 22, No 2, pp. 221-230 © 2020, SPb RAACI</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Afshar-Kharghan V The role of the complement system in cancer. 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