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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-SAA-1834</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1834</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Спонтанный и индуцированный апоптоз мононуклеаров периферической крови в патогенезе сахарного диабета 1 типа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Spontaneous and activation-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7690-9064</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Луговая</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lugovaya</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Луговая А.В. – к.м.н., врач аллерголог-иммунолог, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики отделения лабораторной диагностики клиники</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Л. Толстого, 6-8, корп. 11.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lugovaya A.V., PhD (Medicine), Аllergist-Immunologist, Doctor of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p><p>197022, St. Petersburg, L. Tolstoy str., 6-8, bldg 11.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">g89213159748@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинина</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Калинина Н.М. – д.м.н., профессор кафедры иммунологии; врач аллерголог-иммунолог, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Л. Толстого, 6-8, корп. 11.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kalinina N.M., PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Department of Immunology; Leading Research Associate, Аllergist-Immunologist, Main Research Associate</p><p>197022, St. Petersburg, L. Tolstoy str., 6-8, bldg 11.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">doctkalin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митрейкин</surname><given-names>В. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitreikin</surname><given-names>V. Ph.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Митрейкин В.Ф. – д.м.н., профессор кафедры патологической физиологии</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Л. Толстого, 6-8, корп. 11.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mitreikin V.Ph., PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Department of Pathological Physiology</p><p>197022, St. Petersburg, L. Tolstoy str., 6-8, bldg 11.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mvphch2742@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эмануэль</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Emanuel</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эмануэль Ю.В. – к.м.н., врач-невролог, доцент кафедры неврологии и мануальной медицины факультета последипломного образования</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Л. Толстого, 6-8, корп. 11.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Emanuel Yu.V., PhD (Medicine), Clinical Neurologist, Associate Professor, Department of Neurology and Manual Medicine, Faculty of Postgraduate Education</p><p>197022, St. Petersburg, L. Tolstoy str., 6-8, bldg 11.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ejvcons@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковальчук</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalchuk</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковальчук Ю.П. – к.м.н., доцент кафедры клинической лабораторной диагностики с курсом молекулярной медицины, заместитель главного врача отделения лабораторной диагностики клиники</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Л. Толстого, 6-8, корп. 11.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kovalchuk Yu.P., PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics with a course of Molecular Medicine, Deputy Head Physician, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p><p>197022, St. Petersburg, L. Tolstoy str., 6-8, bldg 11.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kjp@1spbgmy.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артемова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Artyomova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Артемова А.В. – врач-невролог, старший лаборант кафедры неврологии и мануальной медицины факультета последипломного образования</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Л. Толстого, 6-8, корп. 11.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artyomova A.V., Clinical Neurologist, Senior Laboratory Assistant, Department of Neurology and Manual Medicine, Faculty of Postgraduate Education</p><p>197022, St. Petersburg, L. Tolstoy str., 6-8, bldg 11.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nastya-093@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ;&#13;
ФГБУ «Всероссийский центр экстренной и радиационной медицины имени А.М. Никифорова» МЧС России Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University;&#13;
А. Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Луговая А.В., Калинина Н.М., Митрейкин В.Ф., Эмануэль Ю.В., Ковальчук Ю.П., Артемова А.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Луговая А.В., Калинина Н.М., Митрейкин В.Ф., Эмануэль Ю.В., Ковальчук Ю.П., Артемова А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lugovaya A.V., Kalinina N.M., Mitreikin V.P., Emanuel Y.V., Kovalchuk Y.P., Artyomova A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1834">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1834</self-uri><abstract><p>Апоптоз является ведущим механизмом деструкции β-клеток поджелудочной железы при сахарном диабете 1 типа (СД-1). При исследованиях маркеров апоптоза мононуклеаров периферической крови с целью уточнения роли программируемой клеточной смерти в патогенезе различных заболеваний более значимой считается оценка активационного апоптоза в ответ на стимуляцию митогеном или специфическим антигеном, так как роль апоптоза в иммунном ответе возрастает в условиях активации клеток. Установлено, что стимулы, которые активируют покоящиеся Т-лимфоциты, инициируют апоптотическую гибель активированных Т-лимфоцитов. Поэтому определение только спонтанного апоптоза мало информативно. Кроме того, определение чувствительности клеток к индукции апоптоза дает возможность выявить связь патологического процесса с усилением или ослаблением этой чувствительности. Ключевым моментом в инициации СД-1 является устойчивость к апоптозу активированных аутореактивных Т-лимфоцитов, которые мигрируют из кровяного русла в поджелудочную железу и принимают активное участие в деструкции инсулярного аппарата поджелудочной железы. Несмотря на длительное изучение патогенеза СД-1, точные причины резистентности клонов эффекторных Т-клеток к апоптозу остаются неясными. Не установлены факты, дающие ответ на вопрос: насколько способность Т-лимфоцитов периферической крови вступать в апоптоз ассоциирована с тяжестью и продолжительностью заболевания. В связи с этим целью исследования явилась оценка эффективности активационного апоптоза лимфоцитов периферической крови больных СД-1 в зависимости от состояния компенсации и длительности течения заболевания. Были изучены особенности индукции активационного апоптоза в культуре мононуклеаров периферической крови у больных сахарным диабетом 1 типа. В качестве индукторов были использованы фитогемагглютинин (ФГА) и инсулин. Выявлена повышенная чувствительность мононуклеаров периферической крови больных СД-1 к активационному апоптозу in vitro. Максимальный апоптотический ответ на ФГА был отмечен при декомпенсации СД-1. Принимая во внимание, что в ответ на стимуляцию ФГА апоптозу подвергаются преимущественно Т-клетки, можно говорить о высокой чувствительности активированных Т-лимфоцитов больных СД-1 к индукции апоптоза. Самый высокий уровень активационного апоптоза в ответ на стимуляцию инсулином был выявлен при компенсации СД-1. Установлено, что интенсивность спонтанного и индуцированного апоптоза мононуклеаров периферической крови больных СД-1 коррелирует с состоянием декомпенсации углеводного обмена и степенью нарушения секреторной функции β-клеток поджелудочной железы. Это подтверждается наличием выраженной прямой корреляционной связи между процентом гиподиплоидных клеток и концентрацией глюкозы в крови и обратной зависимости между количеством апоптотических клеток и содержанием С-пептида в сыворотке крови. Полученные данные находятся в соответствии с современной концепцией иммунопатогенеза СД-1, согласно которой развитие аутоиммунных заболеваний связано не только с усиленным апоптозом клеток-мишеней, но и с дефектом фагоцитарного клиренса апоптотических клеток вследствие нарушения эффероцитоза – фагоцитоза апоптотических клеток. Таким образом, максимальное повышение уровня спонтанного и индуцированного апоптоза лимфоцитов периферической крови при декомпенсации СД-1 объясняется не только влиянием гипергликемии, но и вторичным иммунным ответом на так называемые «поздние апоптотические» или «вторичные некротические» β-клетки вследствие их неэффективного фагоцитарного клиренса.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Apoptosis is the leading mechanism of pancreatic β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Assessment of activation apoptosis in response to stimulation with mitogen or a specific antigen is considered more significant when studying apoptosis markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to clarify the role of programmed cell death in pathogenesis of various diseases, since the role of apoptosis in immune response is increased in activated cells. It has been established that the stimuli that activate resting Tlymphocytes initiate apoptotic death of activated T lymphocytes. Therefore, detection of spontaneous apoptosis only is not very informative. In addition, determination of cell sensitivity to apoptosis induction makes it possible to identify relations of pathological process to the enhancement or weakening of this sensitivity. The key point in the T1DM initiation is apoptosis resistance of activated autoreactive T lymphocytes, that migrate from bloodstream to the pancreas and take an active part in destruction of the pancreatic insular structures. Despite long studies of T1DM pathogenesis, the exact causes of resistance of effector T cell clones to apoptosis remain unclear. There are no facts that answer the question: to what extent is the ability of T lymphocytes of peripheral blood to enter into apoptosis associated with severity and duration of the disease. In this regard, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of in vitro activation-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes in the patients with T1DM, depending on the state of compensation and duration of the disease. The features of activationinduced apoptosis have been studied in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the patients with T1DM. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and insulin were used as apoptosis inducers. Increased in vitro sensitivity of PBMC to activation-induced apoptosis was revealed in T1DM patients. The strongest apoptotic response to PHA was detected in cases of T1DM decompensation. Considering predominantly Tcells to undergo apoptosis in response to PHA stimulation, one may speak about high sensitivity of activated T lymphocytes to induced apoptosis in the patients with T1DM. The highest level of activation-induced apoptosis in response to insulin stimulation was revealed in the compensation phase of T1DM. We have found that the intensity of spontaneous and activation-induced apoptosis correlates with decompensation of the disease and the degree of β-cells secretory function disorder. In fact, strong direct correlation was observed between the percentage of hypodiploid cells and blood concentration of glucose, and the inverse correlation was shown between the number of apoptotic cells and serum levels of C-peptide. The data obtained are in accordance with the modern concept of T1DM immunopathogenesis, which includes a development of autoimmune diseases associated not only with enhanced apoptosis of target cells, but also with a defect in phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells due to impaired efferocytosis, i.e., phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Thus, the maximal increase in spontaneous and activation-induced apoptosis levels of peripheral blood lymphocytes during the DM-1 decompensation is explained not only by the hyperglycemia effects, but also by the secondary immune response to the so-called “late apoptotic” or “secondary necrotic” β-cells, due to their ineffective phagocytic clearance.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>фитогемагглютинин</kwd><kwd>инсулин</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 1 типа</kwd><kwd>С-пептид</kwd><kwd>β-клетки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>phytohaemagglutinin</kwd><kwd>insulin</kwd><kwd>type 1 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>C-peptide</kwd><kwd>β-cell</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">коллектив эндокринологического отделения Елизаветинской городской больницы и сотрудники лаборатории клеточного и гуморального иммунитета Всероссийского центра экстренной и радиационной медицины им. А.М. Никифорова г. Санкт-Петербурга</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the staff of the endocrinological department of the Elizabethan city hospital and the staff of the laboratory of cellular and humoral immunity of the Nikiforov Russian Center for Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васина Л.В., Иванов Г.А., Луговая А.В., Морозова Л.Ю. Изменение циркулирующих CD59+- лимфоцитов периферической крови при остром коронарном синдроме // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета, 2008. № 1. С. 6-12. [Vasina L.V., Ivanov G.A., Lugovaya A.V., Morozova L.Yu. Change of content of circulating CD59+ cells of peripheral blood at acute coronary syndrome. 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