<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-2019-3-495-502</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1823</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ИММУННЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ БРОНХИАЛЬНОЙ АСТМЫ КОНТРОЛИРУЕМОГО И ЧАСТИЧНО КОНТРОЛИРУЕМОГО ТЕЧЕНИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>IMMUNE MECHANISMS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLLED AND PARTIALLY CONTROLLED ASTHMA</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виткина</surname><given-names>Т. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vitkina</surname><given-names>T. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории биомедицинских исследований</p><p>690105, г. Владивосток, ул. Русская, 73г.Тел.: 8 (423) 278-82-01, 278-82-02.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Leading Research Associate, Laboratory of Biomedical Research</p><p>690105, Vladivostok, Russkaya str., 73g.Phone: 7 (423) 278-82-01, 278-82-02.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tash30@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новгородцева</surname><given-names>Т. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novgorodtseva</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор, заместитель директора по научно-исследовательской работе</p><p>г. Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Deputy Director for Research</p><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинина</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., директор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Director</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобанова</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobanova</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач-иммунолог</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Clinical Immunologist</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонюк</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonyuk</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующая лабораторией восстановительного лечения</p><p>г. Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head, Laboratory of Rehabilitative Treatment</p><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Владивостокский филиал ФГБНУ «Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания» – Научно-исследовательский институт медицинской климатологии и восстановительного лечения</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vladivostok Branch, Far Eastern Scientific Center of Respiration Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Мой доктор», г. Владивосток</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moy Doctor LLC, Vladivostok</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>495</fpage><lpage>502</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Виткина Т.И., Новгородцева Т.П., Калинина Е.П., Лобанова Е.Г., Антонюк М.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Виткина Т.И., Новгородцева Т.П., Калинина Е.П., Лобанова Е.Г., Антонюк М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vitkina T.I., Novgorodtseva T.P., Kalinina E.P., Lobanova E.G., Antonyuk M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1823">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1823</self-uri><abstract><p>Несмотря на значительный объем исследований, посвященных выявлению иммунных механизмов развития бронхиальной астмы (БА), вопросы формирования различных фенотипов при данной патологии нуждаются в дальнейшем изучении. Цель – проанализировать функциональную активность субпопуляций Th1-, Th2- и Th17-лимфоцитов и установить особенности воспалительного процесса при контролируемой и частично контролируемой БА.</p><p>Обследовано 84 пациента, разделенных на 2 группы в зависимости от контроля симптомов и течения БА. В I группу вошло 45 человек с контролируемым течением БА, во II группу – 39 человек с частично контролируемым течением БА. Субпопуляции Th1-, Th2- и Th17-лимфоцитов оценивали по уровню цитокинов в сыворотке крови (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17А) методом проточной цитометрии.</p><p>Исследование показало наличие мультитипности T-хелперного (Th) иммунного ответа у больных БА, характер которого зависит от степени контроля заболевания. У больных БА контролируемого течения были выявлены Th2 (62%), Th1/Th2 (20%) и Th1 (18%) типы иммунного ответа. В группе больных частично контролируемой БА были установлены Th2/Th17 (49%), Th1/Th17 (13%) и Th17 (37%) типы иммунного ответа. Показано, что развитие Th1-иммунного ответа у пациентов с контролируемым течением БА индуцируется внутриклеточными инфекциями. Формирование Th1/Th2-фенотипа связано с наличием хронических очагов бактериальной инфекции и персистированием вирусной инфекции в организме. Данный фенотип может служить индикатором утяжеления течения БА. Изучение роли превалирующего типа иммунного ответа в развитии частично контролируемой БА показало, что активация Th17-лимфоцитов способствует затяжному течению болезни. Какой бы ни был первоначальный фенотип, развитие Th17-зависимого иммунного ответа – это результат длительного системного персистирующего воспаления.</p><p>Представления о ключевой роли Th1/Th2-баланса в развитии БА сменяются пониманием того, что в этот процесс также вовлечены Th17-лимфоциты, и Th1/Th17-, Th2/Th17-фенотипы являются полярными крайностями этого заболевания. Выявление интенсивности и характера воспаления при БА позволит провести более объективную оценку применяемой терапии и выбрать дальнейшую тактику лечения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite a significant amount of works specifying immune mechanisms of bronchial asthma (BA), different phenotypes observed in this pathology need to be studied. The aim of present study was to analyze functional activity of Th1, Th2 и Th17 lymphocytes, and to determine features of inflammation in controlled and partly controlled asthma.</p><p>We examined eighty-four BA patients that were divided into 2 groups, depending on the control of symptoms and the clinical course of BA. Group I included 45 patients with controlled BA, whereas group II included 39 patients with partially controlled asthma. The subsets of Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes were assessed by serum cytokine levels (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A) using flow cytometry technique.</p><p>The results of this study were as follows: we have shown a combined T-helper (Th) immune response in asthma patients, with its origin depending on the degree of the disease control. Th2 (62%), Th1/Th2 (20%) and Th1 (18%) types of immune response have been detected in the patients with controlled BA. Th2/Th17 (49%), Th1/Th17 (13%) and Th17 (37%) types of immune response have been identified in the patients with partially controlled BA. It has been shown, that Th1 immune response in patients with controlled asthma is induced by intracellular infection. The formation of the Th1/Th2 phenotype is associated with a site of chronic bacterial infection revealed, and with persistence of viral infection in the body. This phenotype can be used as an indicator of asthma worsening. Further studies in the role of prevalent immune response type in the development of partially controlled BA have shown that activation of Th17 lymphocytes is associated with prolonged course of the disease. Irrespectively of initial phenotype, the development of Th17-dependent immune response seems to result from a durable systemic persistent inflammation.</p><p>The views on the key role of Th1/Th2 balance in the development of asthma are accomplished by evidence of Th17 lymphocyte involvement into the process, and Th1/Th17, Th2/Th17 phenotypes seem to be the polar features of the disease. Estimation of intensity and phenotype of inflammation in BA will permit a more objective evaluation of the therapy applied, and to choose further management strategies.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>контролируемая бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>частично контролируемая бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>тип Т-хелперного иммунного ответа</kwd><kwd>Th-клетки</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>клинико-иммунологические особенности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>controlled asthma</kwd><kwd>partially controlled asthma</kwd><kwd>Th cells</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>type of T helper immune response</kwd><kwd>clinical and immunological features</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Денисенко Ю.К., Новгородцева Т.П., Жукова Н.В., Антонюк М.В., Лобанова Е.Г., Калинина Е.П. Ассоциация метаболизма жирных кислот с системной воспалительной реакцией при хронических заболеваниях органов дыхания // Биомедицинская химия, 2016. Т. 62, № 3. С. 341-347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denisenko Yu.K., Novgorodtseva T.P., Zhukova N.V., Antonyuk M.V., Lobanova E.G., Kalinina E.P. Association of fatty acid metabolism with systemic inflammatory response in chronic respiratory diseases. Biomeditsinskaya khimiya = Biomedical Chemistry, 2016, Vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 341-347. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курбачева О.М., Павлова К.С. Фенотипы и эндотипы бронхиальной астмы: от патогенеза и клинической картины к выбору терапии // Российский аллергологический журнал, 2013. № 1. С. 15-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurbacheva O.M., Pavlova K.S. Phenotypes and endotypes of bronchial asthma: from pathogenesis and clinical picture to the choice of therapy. Rossiyskiy allergologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Allergology, 2013, no. 1, pp. 15-24.(In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобанова Е.Г., Калинина Е.П., Денисенко Ю.К., Виткина Т.И. Особенности регуляции воспаления у пациентов с бронхиальной астмой // Аллергология и иммунология, 2016. Т. 17, № 1. С. 33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobanova E.G., Kalinina E.P., Denisenko Yu.K., Vitkina T.I. The features of the regulation of inflammation in patients with bronchial asthma. Allergologiya i immunologiya = Allergology and Immunology, 2016, Vol. 17, no. 1, p. 33. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобанова Е.Г., Калинина Е.П., Денисенко Ю.К. Особенности содержания цитокинов Th1- и Th17-лимфоцитов у лиц с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких // Медицинская иммунология, 2016. Т. 18, № 3. С. 287-290. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2016-3-287-290.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobanova E.G., Kalinina E.P., Denisenko Yu.K. Cytokine contents in Th1- and Th17-type lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2016, Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 287-290. (In Russ.) doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2016-3-287-290.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ненашева Н.М. Фенотипы бронхиальной астмы и выбор терапии // Практическая пульмонология, 2014. № 2. С. 2-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nenasheva N.M. Phenotypes of bronchial asthma and the choice of therapy. Prakticheskaya pulmonologiya = Practical Pulmonology, 2014, no. 2, pp. 2-11. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нурдина М.С., Купаев В.И. Взаимосвязь уровня IL-17, IL-10 со степенью контроля бронхиальной астмы // Вестник современной клинической медицины, 2017. Т. 10, № 3. С. 35-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nurdina M.S., Kupaev V.I. Correlation between serum IL-17 and IL-10 level and asthma control. Vestnik sovremennoy klinicheskoy meditsiny = Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine, 2017, Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 35-38.(In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смольникова М.В., Смирнова С.В., Ильенкова Н.А., Коноплева О.С. Иммунологические маркеры неконтролируемого течения атопической бронхиальной астмы у детей // Медицинская иммунология, 2017. Т. 19, № 4. С. 453-460. doi:10.15789/1563-0625-2017-4-453-460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smolnikova M.V., Smirnova S.V., Ilyenkova N.A., Konopleva O.S. Immunological markers of uncontrolled atopic bronchial asthma in children. Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2017, Vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 453-460. (In Russ.) doi:10.15789/1563-0625-2017-4-453-460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Титова Н.Д., Новикова В.И. Оценка иммунокоррегирующего эффекта глюкозаминил-мурамилпептида при бронхиальной астме у детей // Иммунопатология, аллергология, инфектология, 2017. № 1. С. 31-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Titova N.D., Novikova V.I. Characteristics of the immunocorrecting effect of glucosamine-muramylpeptide in cases of bronchial asthma in children. Immunopatologiya, allergologiya, infektologiya = Immunopathology, Allergology, Infectology, 2017, no. 1, pp. 31-36. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akbari O., Stock P., Meyer E., Kronenberg M., Sidobre S., Nakayama T., Taniguchi M., Grusby M.J., DeKruyff R.H., Umetsu D.T. Essential role of NKT cells producing IL-4 and IL-13 in the development of allergeninduced airway hyperreactivity. Nature Med., 2003, Vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 582-588.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akbari O., Stock P., Meyer E., Kronenberg M., Sidobre S., Nakayama T., Taniguchi M., Grusby M.J., DeKruyff R.H., Umetsu D.T. Essential role of NKT cells producing IL-4 and IL-13 in the development of allergeninduced airway hyperreactivity. Nature Med., 2003, Vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 582-588.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becerra-Díaz M., Wills-Karp M., Heller N.M. New perspectives on the regulation of type II inflammation in asthma. F1000Res, 2017, Vol. 6, p. 1014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becerra-Díaz M., Wills-Karp M., Heller N.M. New perspectives on the regulation of type II inflammation in asthma. F1000Res, 2017, Vol. 6, p. 1014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheung P.F.Y., Wong C.K., Lam C.W.K. Molecular mechanisms of cytokine and chemokine release from eosinophils activated by IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-23: implication for Th17 lymphocytes-mediated allergic inflammation. J. Immunol., 2008, Vol. 180, no. 8, pp. 5625-5635.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheung P.F.Y., Wong C.K., Lam C.W.K. Molecular mechanisms of cytokine and chemokine release from eosinophils activated by IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-23: implication for Th17 lymphocytes-mediated allergic inflammation. J. Immunol., 2008, Vol. 180, no. 8, pp. 5625-5635.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choy D.F., Hart K.M., Borthwick L.A., Shikotra A., Nagarkar D.R., Siddiqui S., Jia G., Ohri C.M., Doran E., Vannella K.M., Butler C.A., Hargadon B., Sciurba J.C., Gieseck R.L., Thompson R.W., White S., Abbas A.R., Jackman J., Wu L.C., Egen J.G., Heaney L.G., Ramalingam T.R., Arron J.R., Wynn T.A., Bradding P. TH2 and TH17 inflammatory pathways are reciprocally regulated in asthma. Sci. Transl. Med., 2015, Vol. 7, no. 301, 301ra129. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab3142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choy D.F., Hart K.M., Borthwick L.A., Shikotra A., Nagarkar D.R., Siddiqui S., Jia G., Ohri C.M., Doran E., Vannella K.M., Butler C.A., Hargadon B., Sciurba J.C., Gieseck R.L., Thompson R.W., White S., Abbas A.R., Jackman J., Wu L.C., Egen J.G., Heaney L.G., Ramalingam T.R., Arron J.R., Wynn T.A., Bradding P. TH2 and TH17 inflammatory pathways are reciprocally regulated in asthma. Sci. Transl. Med., 2015, Vol. 7, no. 301, 301ra129. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab3142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cosmi L., Liotta F., Maggi E., Romagnani S., Annunziato F. Th17 cells: new players in asthma pathogenesis. Allergy, 2011, Vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 989-998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cosmi L., Liotta F., Maggi E., Romagnani S., Annunziato F. Th17 cells: new players in asthma pathogenesis. Allergy, 2011, Vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 989-998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao H., Ying S., Dai Y. Pathological roles of neutrophil-mediated inflammation in asthma and its potential for therapy as a target. J. Immunol. Res., 2017, Vol. 2017, 3743048. doi: 10.1155/2017/3743048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao H., Ying S., Dai Y. Pathological roles of neutrophil-mediated inflammation in asthma and its potential for therapy as a target. J. Immunol. Res., 2017, Vol. 2017, 3743048. doi: 10.1155/2017/3743048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall S.L., Baker T., Lajoie S., Richgels P.K., Yang Y., McAlees J.W., van Lier A., Wills-Karp M., Sivaprasad U., Acciani T.H., LeCras T.D., Myers J.B., Kovacic M.B., Lewkowich I.P. IL-17A enhances IL-13 activity by enhancing IL-13-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 activation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 462-471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall S.L., Baker T., Lajoie S., Richgels P.K., Yang Y., McAlees J.W., van Lier A., Wills-Karp M., Sivaprasad U., Acciani T.H., LeCras T.D., Myers J.B., Kovacic M.B., Lewkowich I.P. IL-17A enhances IL-13 activity by enhancing IL-13-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 activation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 462-471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Irvin C., Zafar I., Good J., Rollins D., Christianson C., Gorska M.M., Martin R.J., Alam R. Increased frequency of dual-positive TH2/TH17 cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characterizes a population of patients with severe asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 134, no. 5, рp. 1175-1186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Irvin C., Zafar I., Good J., Rollins D., Christianson C., Gorska M.M., Martin R.J., Alam R. Increased frequency of dual-positive TH2/TH17 cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characterizes a population of patients with severe asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 134, no. 5, рp. 1175-1186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isogai S., Athiviraham A., Fraser R.S., Taha R., Hamid Q., Martin J.G. Interferon-gamma-dependent inhibition of late allergic airway responses and eosinophilia by CD8 + gammadelta T cells. Immunology, 2007, Vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 230-238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isogai S., Athiviraham A., Fraser R.S., Taha R., Hamid Q., Martin J.G. Interferon-gamma-dependent inhibition of late allergic airway responses and eosinophilia by CD8 + gammadelta T cells. Immunology, 2007, Vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 230-238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2016. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: www.ginasthma.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2016. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: www.ginasthma.org.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalinina E., Karaman Yu., Vitkina T., Lobanova E., Novgorodtseva T., Antonyuk M., Gvozdenko T., Knyshova V., Nazarenko A. The mechanisms of the regulation of immune response in patients with comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Can. Respir. J., 2016, Vol. 2016, 4503267. doi: 10.1155/2016/4503267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinina E., Karaman Yu., Vitkina T., Lobanova E., Novgorodtseva T., Antonyuk M., Gvozdenko T., Knyshova V., Nazarenko A. The mechanisms of the regulation of immune response in patients with comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Can. Respir. J., 2016, Vol. 2016, 4503267. doi: 10.1155/2016/4503267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krug N., Madden J., Redington A.E., Lackie P., Djukanovic R., Schauer U., Holgate S.T., Frew A.J., Howarth P.H. T-cell cytokine profile evaluated at the single cell level in BAL and blood in allergic asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 1996, Vol. 14, pp. 319-326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krug N., Madden J., Redington A.E., Lackie P., Djukanovic R., Schauer U., Holgate S.T., Frew A.J., Howarth P.H. T-cell cytokine profile evaluated at the single cell level in BAL and blood in allergic asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 1996, Vol. 14, pp. 319-326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee Y.C. Synergistic effect of various regulatory factors in Thl/Th2 balance; immunotherapeutic approaches in asthma. Int. J. Biomed. Sei., 2008, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 8-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee Y.C. Synergistic effect of various regulatory factors in Thl/Th2 balance; immunotherapeutic approaches in asthma. Int. J. Biomed. Sei., 2008, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 8-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lötvall J., Akdis C.A., Bacharier L.B., Bjermer L., Casale T.B., Custovic A., Lemanske R.F.Jr, Wardlaw A.J., Wenzel S.E., Greenberger P.A. Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol., 2011, Vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 355-360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lötvall J., Akdis C.A., Bacharier L.B., Bjermer L., Casale T.B., Custovic A., Lemanske R.F.Jr, Wardlaw A.J., Wenzel S.E., Greenberger P.A. Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol., 2011, Vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 355-360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moldaver D.M., Larche M., Rudulier C.D. An update on lymphocyte subtypes in asthma and airway disease. Chest, 2017, Vol. 151, no. 5, pp. 1122-1130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moldaver D.M., Larche M., Rudulier C.D. An update on lymphocyte subtypes in asthma and airway disease. Chest, 2017, Vol. 151, no. 5, pp. 1122-1130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newcomb D.C., Peebles R.S. Th17-mediated inflammation in asthma. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 25, pp. 755-776.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newcomb D.C., Peebles R.S. Th17-mediated inflammation in asthma. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 25, pp. 755-776.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porter P.C., Roberts L., Fields A., Knight M., Qian Y., Delclos G., Han S., Kheradmand F., Corry D. Necessary and sufficient role for helper T cells toprevent fungal dissemination in allergic lung disease. Infect. Immun., 2011, Vol. 79, no. 11, pp. 4459-4471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porter P.C., Roberts L., Fields A., Knight M., Qian Y., Delclos G., Han S., Kheradmand F., Corry D. Necessary and sufficient role for helper T cells toprevent fungal dissemination in allergic lung disease. Infect. Immun., 2011, Vol. 79, no. 11, pp. 4459-4471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raundhal M., Morse C., Khare A., Oriss T.B., Milosevic J., Trudeau J., Huff R., Pilewski J., Holguin F., Kolls J., Wenzel S., Ray P., Ray A. High IFN-γand low SLPI mark severe asthma in mice and humans. J. Clin. Invest., 2015, Vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 3037-3050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raundhal M., Morse C., Khare A., Oriss T.B., Milosevic J., Trudeau J., Huff R., Pilewski J., Holguin F., Kolls J., Wenzel S., Ray P., Ray A. High IFN-γand low SLPI mark severe asthma in mice and humans. J. Clin. Invest., 2015, Vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 3037-3050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reisinger J., Triendl A., Kuchler E., Bohle B., Krauth M.T., Rauter I., Valent P., Koenige F., Valenta R., Niederberger V. IFN-gamma-enhanced allergen penetration across respiratory epithelium augments allergic inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2005, Vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 973-981.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reisinger J., Triendl A., Kuchler E., Bohle B., Krauth M.T., Rauter I., Valent P., Koenige F., Valenta R., Niederberger V. IFN-gamma-enhanced allergen penetration across respiratory epithelium augments allergic inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2005, Vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 973-981.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robinson D., Humbert M., Buhl R., Cruz A.A., Inoue H., Korom S., Hanania N.A., Nair P. Revisiting Type 2-high and Type 2-low airway inflammation in asthma: current knowledge and therapeutic implications. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2017, Vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 161-175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robinson D., Humbert M., Buhl R., Cruz A.A., Inoue H., Korom S., Hanania N.A., Nair P. Revisiting Type 2-high and Type 2-low airway inflammation in asthma: current knowledge and therapeutic implications. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2017, Vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 161-175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh A. K., Stock P., Akbari O. Role of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in allergic diseases and asthma. Allergy, 2011, Vol. 66, no. 2, pp, 155-162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh A. K., Stock P., Akbari O. Role of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in allergic diseases and asthma. Allergy, 2011, Vol. 66, no. 2, pp, 155-162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veremchuk L.V., Yankova V.I., Vitkina T.I., Nazarenko A.V., Golokhvast K.S. Urban air pollution, climate and its impact on asthma morbidity. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2016, Vol. 6. no. 1, pp. 76-79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veremchuk L.V., Yankova V.I., Vitkina T.I., Nazarenko A.V., Golokhvast K.S. Urban air pollution, climate and its impact on asthma morbidity. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2016, Vol. 6. no. 1, pp. 76-79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Y.H., Voo K.S., Liu B., Chen C.Y., Uygungil B., Spoede W., Bernstein J.A., Huston D.P., Liu Y.J. A novel subset of CD4(+) T(H)2 memory/effector cells that produce inflammatory IL-17 cytokine and promote the exacerbation of chronic allergic asthma. J. Exp. Med., 2010, Vol. 207, no. 11, pp. 2479-2491.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y.H., Voo K.S., Liu B., Chen C.Y., Uygungil B., Spoede W., Bernstein J.A., Huston D.P., Liu Y.J. A novel subset of CD4(+) T(H)2 memory/effector cells that produce inflammatory IL-17 cytokine and promote the exacerbation of chronic allergic asthma. J. Exp. Med., 2010, Vol. 207, no. 11, pp. 2479-2491.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yssel H., Groux H. Characterization of T cell subpopulations involved in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2000, Vol. 121, pp. 10-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yssel H., Groux H. Characterization of T cell subpopulations involved in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2000, Vol. 121, pp. 10-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
