<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-RTC-1770</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1770</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Субпопуляционный состав регуляторных Т-клеток периферической крови у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов с дискордантным ответом на антиретровирусную терапию</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Regulatory T cell subsets in peripheral blood of HIV-infected patients with discordant response to antiretroviral therapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Королевская</surname><given-names>Л. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korolevskaya</surname><given-names>L. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Королевская Лариса Борисовна — кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории экологической иммунологии.</p><p>614081, Пермь, ул. Голева, 13, Тел.: 8 (342) 280-83-34</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Korolevskaya Larisa B. - PhD (Medicine), Research Associate, Laboratory of Ecological Immunology.</p><p>614081, Perm, Golev str., 13, Phone: 7 (342) 280-83-34</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bioqueen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4342-5362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сайдакова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saidakova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сайдакова Евгения Владимировна — кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории экологической иммунологии.</p><p>Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Ecological Immunology.</p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">radimira@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмагель</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmagel</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шмагель Надежда Геннадьевна — докторр медицинских наук, врач-иммунолог.</p><p>Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Clinical Immunologist.</p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shmagel_ng@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмагель</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmagel</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шмагель Константин Владимирович — докторр медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией экологической иммунологии.</p><p>Пермь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head, Laboratory of Ecological Immunology. </p><p>Perm</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shmagel@iegm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт экологии и генетики микроорганизмов Уральского отделения Российской академии наук — филиал ФРБУН Пермский федеральный исследовательский центр, Уральское отделение Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Ecology and Genetic of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Branch of Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт экологии и генетики микроорганизмов Уральского отделения Российской академии наук — филиал ФРБУН Пермский федеральный исследовательский центр, Уральское отделение Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Perm Regional Center for Protection against AIDS and Infectious Diseases<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт экологии и генетики микроорганизмов УрО РАН</aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Ecology and Genetic of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Branch of Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>281</fpage><lpage>290</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Королевская Л.Б., Сайдакова Е.В., Шмагель Н.Г., Шмагель К.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Королевская Л.Б., Сайдакова Е.В., Шмагель Н.Г., Шмагель К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korolevskaya L.B., Saidakova E.V., Shmagel N.G., Shmagel K.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1770">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1770</self-uri><abstract><p>Дискордантный ответ на антиретровирусную терапию у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов характеризуется неэффективным восстановлением численности CD4+Т-лимфоцитов. Роль регуляторных Т-клеток в развитии дискордантного ответа на лечение остается малопонятной как из-за отсутствия специфических и надежных маркеров регуляторных Т-клеток, так и из-за неоднородности их популяции. В настоящей работе нами были обследованы ВИЧ-инфицированные пациенты с подавленной на фоне антиретровирусной терапии репликацией вируса (уровень ВИЧ менее 50 копий в мл крови), ответивших (n = 22) и не ответивших (n = 19) приростом численности CD4+Т-лимфоцитов на фоне более чем двухлетнего приема вирусологически эффективной терапии. Контрольную группу обследованных составили неинфицированные добровольцы (n = 23). Субпопуляционный состав CD4+ Т-лимфоцитов и регуляторных Т-клеток был исследован методом многоцветной проточной цитометрии. Было установлено, что у инфицированных ВИЧ больных с неэффективным восстановлением иммунитета на фоне проводимого лечения по сравнению с ВИЧ-позитивными субъектами, дающими стандартный ответ на антиретровирусную терапию, абсолютное число CD4+Т-лимфоцитов, так же как и входящих в их состав регуляторных Т-клеток, было снижено во всех субпопуляциях различной степени зрелости: наивных клетках, лимфоцитах центральной памяти, клетках эффекторной памяти и терминально дифференцированных эффекторах. Это отличало их от пациентов, дающих эффективный ответ на лечение, у которых дефицит регуляторных Т-лимфоцитов был выявлен только среди наивных клеток и клеток центральной памяти. Важно отметить, что у зараженных ВИЧ больных с дискордантным ответом на терапию процентное содержание регуляторных Т-клеток эффекторной памяти — лимфоцитов, обладающих наибольшей супрессорной активностью — было существенно повышено по сравнению с таковым в остальных субпопуляциях CD4+Т-лимфоцитов. По-видимому, несмотря на дефицит регуляторных Т-лимфоцитов, размер пула этих клеток у больных с дискордантным ответом на лечение является достаточным для контроля над активацией CD4+Т-лимфоцитов. В то же время численности регуляторных Т-клеток может не хватать для подавления избыточной активации иммунокомпетентных клеток, не относящихся к популяции CD4+Т-лимфоцитов. Этим можно частично объяснить повышенный уровень иммунной активации у больных с дискордантным ответом на терапию по сравнению с таковым у лиц, стандартно отвечающих на лечение.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The discordant immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients is characterized by ineffective recovery of CD4+T cell counts. The role of regulatory T cells in discordant response to the treatment remains poorly understood both due to the lack of specific and reliable markers of regulatory T cells and their subset’s heterogeneity. In the present work, we studied two groups of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for more than two years and thus having their viral load suppressed (less than 50 copies of HIV per ml of blood): those who responded (n = 22) and did not respond (n = 19) to the treatment with an increase in their CD4+T cell counts. The control group consisted of uninfected volunteers (n = 23). The CD4+T lymphocyte subset composition was examined by flow cytometry. It was shown that in HIV-infected patients with ineffective immune recovery compared with subjects having a standard response to antiretroviral therapy, the absolute counts of regulatory T cells, as well as CD4+T lymphocytes, was reduced in all maturational subsets: naive cells, central memory, effector memory, and terminally differentiated effectors. That differed immunological nonresponders from patients with a standard response to the treatment, which had a shortage only in naive and central memory regulatory T cell subsets. It is important to note that in HIV-infected patients with a discordant response to therapy, the proportion of effector memory regulatory T cells, that posses the most prominent suppressive capacity, was significantly increased compared with that in other CD4+T lymphocyte subsets. Apparently, despite of regulatory T cell deficiency, in HIV-infected patients with a discordant response to the treatment, the regulatory T cell pool size is big enough to control CD4+T lymphocyte activation. Nevertheless, the number of regulatory T cells may not be sufficient to suppress the over-activation of immunocompetent cells that are not in the CD4+T lymphocyte subset. This can partly explain the increased cell activation level in patients with a discordant response to therapy as compared with those who have a standard respond to the treatment.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd><kwd>антиретровирусная терапия</kwd><kwd>дискордантный ответ</kwd><kwd>регуляторные Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>наивные Т-клетки</kwd><kwd>Т-клетки центральной памяти</kwd><kwd>Т-клетки эффекторной памяти</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV-infection</kwd><kwd>antiretroviral therapy</kwd><kwd>discordant immunological response</kwd><kwd>regulatory T cells</kwd><kwd>naive T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>central memory T cells</kwd><kwd>effector memory T cells</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта РФФИ (проект № 17-54-30006)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Angin M., Kwon D. S., Streeck H., Wen F., King M., Rezai A., Law K., Hongo T.C., Pyo A., Piechocka-Trocha A., Toth I., Pereyra F., Ghebremichael M., Rodig S.J., Milner D.A. Jr., Richter J.M., Altfeld M., Kaufmann D.E., Walker B.D., Addo M.M. Preserved function of regulatory T cells in chronic HIV-1 infection despite decreased numbers in blood and tissue. J. Infect. Dis., 2012, Vol. 205, no. 10, pp. 1495-1500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Autran B., Carcelaint G., Li T. S., Gorochov G., Blanc C., Renaud M., Durali M., Mathez D., Calvez V., Leibowitch J., Katlama C., Debre P. Restoration of the immune system with anti-retroviral therapy. Immunol. Lett., 1999, Vol. 66, no. 1-3, pp. 207-211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appay V, Sauce D. Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences. J. Pathol., 2008, Vol. 214, no. 2, pp. 231-241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaardbo J. C., Hartling H. J., Gerstoft J., Nielsen S. D. Incomplete immune recovery in HIV infection: mechanisms, relevance for clinical care, and possible solutions. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2012, Vol. 2012, p. 670957.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Autran B., Carcelaint G., Li T.S., Gorochov G., Blanc C., Renaud M., Durali M., Mathez D., Calvez V, Leibowitch J., Katlama C., Debre P Restoration of the immune system with anti-retroviral therapy. Immunol. Lett., 1999, Vol. 66, no. 1-3, pp. 207-211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massanella M., Negredo E., Clotet B., Blanco J. Immunodiscordant responses to HAART –mechanisms and consequences. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 9, no. 11,  pp. 1135-1149.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baecher-Allan C., Hafler D.A. Human regulatory T cells and their role in autoimmune disease. Immunol. Rev., 2006, Vol. 212, pp. 203-216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lederman M.M., Calabrese L., Funderburg N. T., Clagett B., Medvik K., Bonilla H., Gripshover B., Salata R. A., Taege A., Lisgaris M., McComsey G. A., Kirchner E., Baum J., Shive C., Asaad R., Kalayjian R. C., Sieg S. F., Rodriguez B. Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells. J. Infect. Dis., 2011, Vol. 204, no. 8, pp. 1217-1226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bi X., Suzuki Y., Gatanaga H., Oka S. High frequency and proliferation of CD4+ FOXP3+ Treg in HIV-1-infected patients with low CD4 counts. Eur. J. Immunol., 2009, Vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 301-309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamaguchi T., Wing J. B., Sakaguchi S. Two modes of immune suppression by Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells under inflammatory or non-inflammatory conditions. Semin. Immunol., 2011, Vol. 23 , no. 6, pp. 424-430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brenchley J.M., Price D.A., Douek D.C. HIV disease: fallout from a mucosal catastrophe? Nat. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 235-239.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakaguchi S., Miyara M., Costantino C. M., Hafler D. A. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 490-500.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chevalier M.F., Weiss L. The split personality of regulatory T cells in HIV infection. Blood, 2013, Vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 29-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim A., Tan D., Price P., Kamarulzaman A., Tan H. Y., James I., French M. A. Proportions of circulating T cells with a regulatory cell phenotype increase with HIV-associated immune activation and remain high on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 2007, Vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1525-1534.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eggena M.P., Barugahare B., Jones N., Okello M., Mutalya S., Kityo C., Mugyenyi P., Cao H. Depletion of regulatory T cells in HIV infection is associated with immune activation. J. Immunol., 2005, Vol. 174, no. 7, pp. 4407-4414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eggena M.P., Barugahare B., Jones N., Okello M., Mutalya S., Kityo C., Mugyenyi P., Cao H. Depletion of Regulatory T Cells in HIV Infection Is Associated with Immune Activation. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, Vol. 174, no. 7, pp. 4407-4414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fritzsching B., Oberle N., Eberhardt N., Quick S., Haas J., Wildemann B., Krammer P.H., Suri-Payer E. Cutting edge: in contrast to effector T cells, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are highly susceptible to CD95 ligand- but not to TCR-mediated cell death. J. Immunol., 2005, Vol. 175, no. 1, pp. 32-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piconi S., Trabattoni D., Gori A., Parisotto S., Magni C., Meraviglia P., Bandera A., Capetti A., Rizzardini G., Clerici M. Immune activation, apoptosis, and Treg activity are associated with persistently reduced CD4+ T-cell counts during antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 2010, Vol. 24, no. 13, pp. 1991-2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaardbo J.C., Hartling H.J., Gerstoft J., Nielsen S.D. Incomplete immune recovery in HIV infection: mechanisms, relevance for clinical care, and possible solutions. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2012, Vol. 2012, 670957. doi: 10.1155/2012/670957.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiao Y., Fu J., Xing S., Fu B., Zhang Z., Shi M., Wang X., Zhang J., Jin L., Kang F., Wu H., Wang F.S. The decrease of regulatory T cells correlates with excessive activation and apoptosis of CD8+ T cells in HIV-1-infected typical progressors, but not in long-term non-progressors. Immunology, 2009, Vol. 128, no. 1, Suppl, pp. e366-375.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grossman Z., Meier-Schellersheim M., Paul W.E., Picker L.J. Pathogenesis of HIV infection: what the virus spares is as important as what it destroys. Nat. Med., 2006, Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 289-295.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liston A., Gray D.H. Homeostatic control of regulatory T cell diversity. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 154-165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horta A., Nobrega C., Amorim-Machado P., Coutinho-Teixeira V, Barreira-Silva P., Boavida S., Costa P., Sarmento-Castro R., Castro A.G., Correia-Neves M. Poor immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients associates with high percentage of regulatory CD4+ T cells. PLoS ONE, 2013, Vol. 8, no. 2, e57336. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057336.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plitas G., Rudensky A.Y. Regulatory T Cells: Differentiation and Function. Cancer Immunol. Res., 2016, Vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 721-725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiao Y., Fu J., Xing S., Fu B., Zhang Z., Shi M., Wang X., Zhang J., Jin L., Kang F., Wu H., Wang F.S. The decrease of regulatory T cells correlates with excessive activation and apoptosis of CD8+ T cells in HIV-1-infected typical progressors, but not in long-term non-progressors. Immunology, 2009, Vol. 128, no. 1 Suppl., pp. e366-e375.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brenchley J.M., Price D.A., Douek D.C. HIV disease: fallout from a mucosal catastrophe? Nat. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 235-239.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lederman M.M., Calabrese L., Funderburg N.T., Clagett B., Medvik K., Bonilla H., Gripshover B., Salata R.A., Taege A., Lisgaris M., McComsey G.A., Kirchner E., Baum J., Shive C., Asaad R., Kalayjian R.C., Sieg S.F., Rodriguez B. Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells. J. Infect. Dis., 2011, Vol. 204, no. 8, pp. 1217-1226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grossman Z., Meier-Schellersheim M., Paul W. E., Picker L. J. Pathogenesis of HIV infection: what the virus spares is as important as what it destroys. Nat. Med., 2006, Vol. 12, no.3, pp. 289-295.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim A., Tan D., Price P., Kamarulzaman A., Tan H.Y., James I., French M.A. Proportions of circulating T cells with a regulatory cell phenotype increase with HIV-associated immune activation and remain high on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 2007, Vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1525-1534.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreno-Fernandez M.E., Zapata W., Blackard J. T., Franchini G., Chougnet C. A. Human Regulatory T Cells Are Targets for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection, and Their Susceptibility Differs Depending on the HIV Type 1 Strain. Journal of Virology, 2009, Vol. 83, no. 24, pp. 12925-12933.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liston A., Gray D.H. Homeostatic control of regulatory T cell diversity. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 154-165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horta A., Nobrega C., Amorim-Machado P., Coutinho-Teixeira V., Barreira-Silva P., Boavida S., Costa P., Sarmento-Castro R., Castro A. G., Correia-Neves M. Poor immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients associates with high percentage of regulatory CD4+ T cells. PLoS One, 2013, Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. e57336.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massanella M., Negredo E., Clotet B., Blanco J. Immunodiscordant responses to HAART - mechanisms and consequences. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1135-1149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saison J., Ferry T., Demaret J., Maucort Boulch D., Venet F., Perpoint T., Ader F., Icard V., Chidiac C., Monneret G., Lyon, H. I. V. Cohort Study Association between discordant immunological response to highly active anti-retroviral therapy, regulatory T cell percentage, immune cell activation and very low-level viraemia in HIV-infected patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 176, no. 3, pp. 401-409.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyara M., Yoshioka Y., Kitoh A., Shima T., Wing K., Niwa A., Parizot C., Taflin C., Heike T., Valeyre D., Mathian A., Nakahata T., Yamaguchi T., Nomura T.., Ono M., Amoura Z., Gorochov G., Sakaguchi S. Functional delineation and differentiation dynamics of human CD4+ T cells expressing the FoxP3 transcription factor. Immunity, 2009, Vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 899-911.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakaguchi S., Yamaguchi T., Nomura T., Ono M. Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance. Cell, 2008, Vol. 133, no. 5, pp. 775-787.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreno-Fernandez M.E., Zapata W., Blackard J.T., Franchini G., Chougnet C.A. Human regulatory T cells are targets for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and their susceptibility differs depending on the HIV type 1 strain. J. Virol., 2009, Vol. 83, no. 24, pp. 12925-12933.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baecher-Allan C., Hafler D.A. Human regulatory T cells and their role in autoimmune disease. Immunol. Rev., 2006, Vol. 212, pp. 203-216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piconi S., Trabattoni D., Gori A., Parisotto S., Magni C., Meraviglia P., Bandera A., Capetti A., Rizzardini G., Clerici M. Immune activation, apoptosis, and Treg activity are associated with persistently reduced CD4+ T-cell counts during antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 2010, Vol. 24, no. 13, pp. 1991-2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yadav M., Stephan S., Bluestone J.A. Peripherally induced tregs - role in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Front. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 4, pp. 232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plitas G., Rudensky A.Y. Regulatory T cells: differentiation and function. Cancer Immunol. Res., 2016, Vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 721-725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chevalier M.F., Weiss L. The split personality of regulatory T cells in HIV infection. Blood, 2013, Vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 29-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosenblum M.D., Way S.S., Abbas A.K. Regulatory T cell memory. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 90-101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bi X., Suzuki Y., Gatanaga H., Oka S.High frequency and proliferation of CD4+ FOXP3+ Treg in HIV-1-infected patients with low CD4 counts. Eur. J. Immunol., 2009, Vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 301-309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rueda C.M., Jackson C.M., Chougnet C.A. Regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression of conventional T-cells and dendritic cells by different cAMP intracellular pathways. Front. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 7, 216. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2016.00216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyara M., Yoshioka Y., Kitoh A., Shima T., Wing K., Niwa A., Parizot C., Taflin C., Heike T., Valeyre D., Mathian A., Nakahata T., Yamaguchi T., Nomura T.., Ono M., Amoura Z., Gorochov G., Sakaguchi S. Functional delineation and differentiation dynamics of human CD4+ T cells expressing the FoxP3 transcription factor. Immunity, 2009, Vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 899-911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saison J., Ferry T., Demaret J., Maucort Boulch D., Venet F., Perpoint T., Ader F., Icard V, Chidiac C., Monneret G., Lyon H.I.V. Cohort Study Association between discordant immunological response to highly active anti-retroviral therapy, regulatory T cell percentage, immune cell activation and very low-level viraemia in HIV-infected patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2014, Vol. 176, no. 3, pp. 401-409.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fritzsching B., Oberle N., Eberhardt N., Quick S., Haas J., Wildemann B., Krammer P.H., Suri-Payer E. Cutting Edge: In Contrast to Effector T Cells, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells Are Highly Susceptible to CD95 Ligand- but Not to TCR-Mediated Cell Death. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, Vol. 175, no. 1, pp. 32-36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakaguchi S., Miyara M., Costantino C.M., Hafler D.A. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 490-500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosenblum M.D., Way S.S., Abbas A.K. Regulatory T cell memory. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 90-101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakaguchi S., Yamaguchi T., Nomura T., Ono M. Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance. Cell, 2008, Vol. 133, no. 5, pp. 775-787.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appay V., Sauce D. Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences. J. Pathol., 2008, Vol. 214, no. 2, pp. 231-241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stiksrud B., Aass H.C.D., Lorvik K.B., Ueland T., Troseid M., Dyrhol-Riise A.M. Activated dendritic cells and monocytes in HIV immunological nonresponders: HIV-induced interferon-inducible protein-10 correlates with low future CD4+ recovery. AIDS, 2019, Vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1117-1129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Angin M., Kwon D. S., Streeck H., Wen F., King M., Rezai A., Law K., Hongo T.C., Pyo A., Piechocka-Trocha A., Toth I., Pereyra F., Ghebremichael M., Rodig S.J., Milner D.A., Jr., Richter J.M., Altfeld M., Kaufmann D.E., Walker B.D., Addo M.M. Preserved function of regulatory T cells in chronic HIV-1 infection despite decreased numbers in blood and tissue. J. Infect. Dis., 2012, Vol. 205, no. 10, pp. 1495-1500.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiss L., Piketty C., Assoumou L., Didier C., Caccavelli L., Donkova-Petrini V., Levy Y., Girard P.M., Burgard M., Viard J.P., Rouzioux C., Costagliola D.; ANRS 116 SALTO study group. Relationship between regulatory</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiss L., Piketty C., Assoumou L., Didier C., Caccavelli L., Donkova-Petrini V., Levy Y., Girard P.M., Burgard M., Viard J.P., Rouzioux C., Costagliola D., Anrs Salto study group Relationship between regulatory T cells and immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients interrupting antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One, 2010, Vol. 5, no. 7, pp. e11659.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">T cells and immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients interrupting antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE, 2010, Vol. 5, no. 7, e11659. 10.1371/journal.pone.0011659.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rueda C.M., Jackson C.M., Chougnet C.A. Regulatory T-Cell-Mediated Suppression of Conventional T-Cells and Dendritic Cells by Different cAMP Intracellular Pathways. Front. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 7, pp. 216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yadav M., Stephan S., Bluestone J.A. Peripherally induced tregs - role in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Front. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 4, 232. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stiksrud B., Aass H. C.D., Lorvik K.B., Ueland T., Troseid M., Dyrhol-Riise A.M. Activated dendritic cells and monocytes in HIV immunological nonresponders: HIV-induced interferon-inducible protein-10 correlates with low future CD4+ recovery. AIDS, 2019, Vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1117-1129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamaguchi T., Wing J.B., Sakaguchi S. Two modes of immune suppression by Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells under inflammatory or non-inflammatory conditions. Semin. Immunol., 2011, Vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 424-430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamaguchi T., Wing J.B., Sakaguchi S. Two modes of immune suppression by Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells under inflammatory or non-inflammatory conditions. Semin. Immunol., 2011, Vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 424-430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
