<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-2019-6-1187-1196</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1748</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SHORT COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Композиция трех мурамилпептидов грамотрицательных бактерий в иммунотерапии хронической пиодермии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A combination of three muramyl peptides derived from gramnegative bacteria in immunotherapy of chronic pyodermia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3628-2436</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калюжин</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalyuzhin</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Калюжин Олег Витальевич — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры клинической иммунологии и аллергологии.</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2. Тел.: 8 (916) 604-58-50, Факс: 8 (499) 248-01-81</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kalyuzhin Oleg V. - PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy.</p><p>119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya str., 8, bldg 2, Phone: 7 (916) 604-58-50, Fax: 7(499) 248-01-81</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kalyuzhin@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Летяева</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Letyaeva</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры дерматовенерологии.</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Professor, Department of Dermatovenereology.</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиганшин</surname><given-names>О. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ziganshin</surname><given-names>O. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой дерматовенерологии.</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Department of Dermatovenereology.</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркеева</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Markeeva</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-дерматовенеролог.</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dermatovenereologist, Multi-profile.</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блохина</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Blokhina</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dermatovenereologist.</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Феденко</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedenko</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая отделением аллергологии и иммунопатологии кожи.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Department of Skin Allergy and Immunopathology.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попилюк</surname><given-names>С. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popilyuk</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Директор по инновациям.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Director for Innovation. </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>First Moscow State I. Sechenov Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет; Многопрофильная профессорская клиника «СитиМед» центра ООО Экология здоровья</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federation b South Ural State Medical University; Multi-profile Professorial Clinic CityMed, “Ecology of Health” Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federation b South Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Многопрофильная профессорская клиника «СитиМед» центра ООО Экология здоровья</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Multi-profile Professorial Clinic CityMed, “Ecology of Health” Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ Челябинский областной клинический кожно-венерологический диспансер</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Dermato-venereal Dispensary</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Государственный научный центр „Институт иммунологии “» ФМБА России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Center — Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Корус-Фарма, ООО — резидент кластера «Биомедицинские технологии» фонда Сколково</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Corus-Pharma Ltd — Resident of Skolkovo Foundation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1187</fpage><lpage>1196</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Калюжин О.В., Летяева О.И., Зиганшин О.Р., Маркеева Д.А., Блохина Ю.В., Феденко Е.С., Попилюк С.Ф., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Калюжин О.В., Летяева О.И., Зиганшин О.Р., Маркеева Д.А., Блохина Ю.В., Феденко Е.С., Попилюк С.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kalyuzhin O.V., Letyaeva O.I., Ziganshin O.R., Markeeva D.A., Blokhina Y.V., Fedenko E.S., Popilyuk S.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1748">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1748</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы — оценить клиническую эффективность стандартизованной композиции трех мурамилпептидов, содержащих остаток мезо-диаминопимелиновой кислоты (Полимурамил), и влияние этого иммуномодулятора на субпопуляционный состав лимфоцитов, функцию циркулирующих нейтрофилов и концентрацию иммуноглобулинов в сыворотке крови у больных с хронической рецидивирующей пиодермией. 35 мужчин (34,5±10 лет) с обострением хронической пиодермии (остиофолликулит, фолликулит, сикоз, фурункулез) рандомизировали в две группы, сопоставимые по возрасту и клиническим проявлениям болезни. В группе сравнения (n = 17) пациенты получали стандартное лечение, в основной группе (n = 18), кроме того, — Полимурамил внутримышечно по 200 мг ежедневно с 1-го по 5-й день исследования. Общую оценку клинической эффективности лечения проводили на 14-й день, через 1 и 6 месяцев. При этом «значительным улучшением» считали индукцию и сохранение полной клинической ремиссии; «улучшением» — индукцию и сохранение частичной ремиссии; «отсутствием эффекта» — сохраняющиеся признаки воспалительного процесса и отсутствие ремиссии. Иммунологические показатели исследовали на 0-й и 14-й дни, через 1 и 6 месяцев. Добавление Полимурамила к стандартному лечению вызывало выраженную тенденцию к увеличению доли больных со «значительным улучшением» или «улучшением» на 14-й день исследования: суммарная доля пациентов с любым клиническим улучшением была на 24% выше, а относительное число больных с «отсутствием эффекта» — в пять раз ниже, чем в группе сравнения (р = 0,076). Тренд по повышению клинической эффективности по указанным критериям сохранялся через 1 и 6 месяцев наблюдения. Через полгода доля пациентов без пустул/фурункулов в основной группе (9 из 18) превышала таковую в группе сравнения (3 из 17) (р = 0,047). Существенных межгрупповых отличий и динамики показателей функции нейтрофилов, субпопуляционного состава лимфоцитов и концентраций иммуноглобулинов в сыворотке крови не выявлено. Вместе с тем в основной группе через 6 месяцев отмечали тренд к повышению абсолютного числа Т-клеток за счет CD3+CD4+ субпопуляции, а также концентрации IgA в сыворотке крови. Результаты работы в совокупности с ранее опубликованными данными свидетельствуют о способности Полимурамила ускорять регрессию клинических проявлений и индуцировать стойкую ремиссию хронической пиодермии. При этом дизайн настоящего исследования и сроки взятия биологических образцов для лабораторных исследований не позволили зарегистрировать существенные сдвиги большинства изученных системных иммунологических показателей под влиянием иммуномодулятора, за исключением ранее описанной модуляции уровня про- и противовоспалительных цитокинов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a standardized combination of three muramyl peptides containing a residue of meso-diaminopimelic acid (Polymuramyl), as well as effects of this immunomodulator on the lymphocyte subpopulation profile, function of circulating neutrophils, and concentrations of serum immunoglobulins in the patients with chronic recurrent pyoderma. Thirty-five men (34.5±10 years) with exacerbation of chronic pyoderma (osteofolliculitis, folliculitis, sycosis, furunculosis) were randomized into two groups matched by age and clinical manifestations of the disease. In the comparison group (n = 17), the patients received standard treatment. In the main group (n = 18), in addition to the same standard treatment, the patients received intramuscular injections of Polymuramyl at a dose of 200 mg daily from day 1 to 5 of the study. The overall assessment of the treatment efficacy was performed on the day 14, and at 1 and 6 months of observations. Induction and maintenance of complete clinical remission were assessed as “significant improvement”; induction and maintenance of partial remission were considered to be “improvement”; persistent signs of skin inflammation and lack of remission were assessed as “lack of effect”. Immunological parameters were studied on days 0 and 14, and then at 1 and 6 months of the study. Addition of Polymuramyl to the standard treatment caused a marked tendency towards increased proportion of the patients with «significant improvement» or «improvement» on the day 14: total ratio of the patients with any clinical improvement was 24% higher, and the relative number of the patients with "lack of effect" was five-fold lower than in the comparison group (p=0.076). A trend towards improved clinical efficacy, according to the above criteria, was maintained after 1 and 6 months of the study. At 6 months of the follow-up, the proportion of patients without pustules/furuncles in the main group (9 out of 18) exceeded that in the comparison group (3/17, p = 0.047). Significant inter-group differences and dynamics of indicators of neutrophil functions, subpopulation composition of lymphocytes and concentrations of immunoglobulins in serum were not detected. However, in the main group after the 6-month observation, there was an upward trend in the absolute number of T-cells due to CD3+CD4+ subpopulation, as well as serum IgA concentration. The results of this study are in accordance with previously published data, thus indicating the ability of Polymuramyl to accelerate regression of clinical manifestations of chronic pyoderma and induce sustained remission of this disease. At the same time, the design of present investigation and the timing of taking biological samples for laboratory tests did not allow to register significant changes in most of the studied systemic immunological parameters under the influence of immunomodulator, except for the previously described modulation at the level of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хроническая пиодермия</kwd><kwd>инфекция кожи</kwd><kwd>мурамилпептиды</kwd><kwd>мезо-диаминопимелиновая кислота</kwd><kwd>иммуномодулятор</kwd><kwd>клиническая эффективность</kwd><kwd>функция нейтрофилов</kwd><kwd>субпопуляции лимфоцитов</kwd><kwd>иммуноглобулины</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic pyoderma</kwd><kwd>skin infection</kwd><kwd>muramyl peptides</kwd><kwd>meso-diaminopimelic acid</kwd><kwd>immunomodulator</kwd><kwd>clinical efficacy</kwd><kwd>function of neutrophils</kwd><kwd>lymphocyte subpopulations</kwd><kwd>immunoglobulins</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гончаров А.Г., Фрейндлин И.С., Смирнов В.С., Ботвиньева В.В., Щупленцева В.В., Аринен-ко Р.Ю. Основы клинической иммунологии и методологические подходы к оценке иммунного статуса: Практикум / Под общ. ред. М.Г. Романцева. Калининград: Калининградский университет, 1997. 73 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goncharov A.G., Freindlin I.S., Smirnov V.S., Botvineva V.V., Shchuplentseva V.V., Arinenko R.Yu. Fundamentals of clinical immunology and methodological approaches to the assessment of the immune status: Practicum. Ed. by M.G. Romantsev]. Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad University, 1997. 73 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калюжин О.В. Феномен тренированного иммунитета и механизмы действия неспецифических иммуномодуляторов // Российский аллергологический журнал, 2015. № 4. С. 45-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalyuzhin O.V. The trained immunity phenomenon and mechanisms of action of non-specific immunomodifiers. Rossiyskiy allergologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Allergology Journal, 2015, no. 4, pp. 45-51. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Караулов А.В., Калюжин О.В. Сфера применения мурамилпептидов в рамках основных подходов к иммунотерапии/иммунопрофилактике инфекционных болезней // Физиология и патология иммунной системы. Иммунофармакогеномика, 2013. Т. 17, № 5. С. 3-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karaulov A.V., Kalyuzhin O.V. Sphere of muramyl dipeptide application within the major approaches to immunotherapy/prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Fiziologiya i patologiya immunnoj sistemy. Immunofarmakogenomika = Physiology and Pathology of the Immune System. Immunopharmacogenomics, 2013, Vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 3-15. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Летяева О.И., Зиганшин О.Р., Маркеева Д.А., Блохина Ю.В., Алексеева Н.Ю., Баранова Н.И., Калюжин О.В. Клиническая и цитокин-модулирующая эффективность композиции трех мурамилпепти-дов, содержащих остаток мезо-диаминопимелиновой кислоты, при хронической пиодермии // Русский медицинский журнал, 2018. № 8 (I). C. 9-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Letyaeva O.I., Ziganshin O.R., Markeeva D.A., Blokhina Yu.V., Alekseeva N.Yu., Baranova N.I., Kalyuzhin O.V. Clinical and cytokine-modulating efficacy of a composition of three muramylpeptides containing a meso-diaminopimelic acid residue in the chronic pyoderma. Russkiy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Russian Medical Journal, 2018, no. 8 (I), pp. 9-13. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маянский А.Н. Лекции по иммунологии. Н. Новгород: Нижегородская государственная медицинская академия, 2003. 272 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayansky A.N. Lectures on immunology. N. Novgorod: N. Novgorod State Medical Academy, 2003. 272 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хайдуков С.В., Байдун Л.А., Зурочка А.В., Тотолян А.А. Стандартизованная технология «Исследование субпопуляционного состава лимфоцитов периферической крови с применением проточных цитофлю-ориметров-анализаторов» (проект) // Медицинская иммунология, 2012. Т. 14, № 3. C. 255-268. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2012-3-255-268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaydukov S., Baidun L., Zurochka A., Totolyan A. Standardized technology “Study of the subpopulation composition of peripheral blood lymphocytes using flow cytometer analyzers” (draft). Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2012, Vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 255-268. (In Russ.) doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2012-3-255-268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bitschar K., Wolz C., Krismer B. Peschel A., Schittek B. Keratinocytes as sensors and central players in the immune defense against Staphylococcus aureus in the skin. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2017, Vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 215-220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bitschar K., Wolz C., Krismer B. Peschel A., Schittek B. Keratinocytes as sensors and central players in the immune defense against Staphylococcus aureus in the skin. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2017, Vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 215-220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell L., Williams H., Crompton R.A., Cruickhank S.M., Hardman M.J. Nod2 deficiency impairs inflammatory and epithelial aspects of the cutaneous wound-healing response. J. Pathol., 2013, Vol. 229, pp. 121-131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell L., Williams H., Crompton R.A., Cruickhank S.M., Hardman M.J. Nod2 deficiency impairs inflammatory and epithelial aspects of the cutaneous wound-healing response. J. Pathol., 2013, Vol. 229, pp. 121-131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dagil Y.A., Arbatsky N.P., Pashenkov M.V., Alkhazova B.I., L’vov V.L., Mazurov D.V. The Dual NOD1/ NOD2 Agonism of Muropeptides Containing a Meso-Diaminopimelic Acid Residue. PLoS ONE, 2016, Vol. 11, no. 8, e0160784. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160784.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dagil Y.A., Arbatsky N.P., Pashenkov M.V., Alkhazova B.I., L’vov V.L., Mazurov D.V. The Dual NOD1/ NOD2 Agonism of Muropeptides Containing a Meso-Diaminopimelic Acid Residue. PLoS ONE, 2016, Vol. 11, no. 8, e0160784. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160784.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fritz J.H., Girardin S.E., Fitting C., Werts C., Mengin-Lecreulx D., Caroff M., Cavaillon J.M., Philpott D.J., Adib-Conquy M. Synergistic stimulation of human monocytes and dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor 4 and NOD1-and NOD2-activating agonists. Eur. J. Immunol., 2005, Vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 2459-2470.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fritz J.H., Girardin S.E., Fitting C., Werts C., Mengin-Lecreulx D., Caroff M., Cavaillon J.M., Philpott D.J., Adib-Conquy M. Synergistic stimulation of human monocytes and dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor 4 and NOD1-and NOD2-activating agonists. Eur. J. Immunol., 2005, Vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 2459-2470.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ekman A.K., Cardell L.O. The expression and function of Nod-like receptors in neutrophils. Immunology, 2010, Vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 55-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ekman A.K., Cardell L.O. The expression and function of Nod-like receptors in neutrophils. Immunology, 2010, Vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 55-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harder J., Nunez G. Functional expression of the intracellular pattern recognition receptor NOD1 in human keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2009, Vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 1299-1302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harder J., Nunez G. Functional expression of the intracellular pattern recognition receptor NOD1 in human keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2009, Vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 1299-1302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hertzen E., Johansson L., Wallin R., Schmidt H., Kroll M., Rehn A.P., Kotb M., Morgelin M., Norrby-Teglund A. M1-protein dependent intracellular trafficking promotes persistence and replication of Streptococcus pyogenes in macrophages. J. Innate Immun., 2010, Vol. 2, pp. 534-545.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hertzen E., Johansson L., Wallin R., Schmidt H., Kroll M., Rehn A.P., Kotb M., Morgelin M., Norrby-Teglund A. M1-protein dependent intracellular trafficking promotes persistence and replication of Streptococcus pyogenes in macrophages. J. Innate Immun., 2010, Vol. 2, pp. 534-545.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobayashi M., Yoshiki R., Sakabe J., Kabashima K., Nakamura M., Tokura Y. Expression of toll-like receptor 2, NOD2 and dectin-1 and stimulatory effects of their ligands and histamine in normal human keratinocytes. Br. J. Dermatol., 2009, Vol. 160, no. 2, pp. 297-304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobayashi M., Yoshiki R., Sakabe J., Kabashima K., Nakamura M., Tokura Y. Expression of toll-like receptor 2, NOD2 and dectin-1 and stimulatory effects of their ligands and histamine in normal human keratinocytes. Br. J. Dermatol., 2009, Vol. 160, no. 2, pp. 297-304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masumoto J., Yang K., Varambally S., Hasegawa M., Tomlins S.A., Qiu S., Fujimoto Y., Kawasaki A., Foster S.J., Horie Y., Mak T.W., Nunez G., Chinnaiyan A.M., Fukase K., Inohara N. Nod1 acts as an intracellular receptor to stimulate chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment in vivo. J. Exp. Med., 2006, Vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 203-213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masumoto J., Yang K., Varambally S., Hasegawa M., Tomlins S.A., Qiu S., Fujimoto Y., Kawasaki A., Foster S.J., Horie Y., Mak T.W., Nunez G., Chinnaiyan A.M., Fukase K., Inohara N. Nod1 acts as an intracellular receptor to stimulate chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment in vivo. J. Exp. Med., 2006, Vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 203-213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukherjee T., Hovingh E.S., Foerster E.G., Abdel-Nour M., Philpott D.J., Girardin S.E. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammation, immunity and disease. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2019, Vol. 670, pp. 69-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukherjee T., Hovingh E.S., Foerster E.G., Abdel-Nour M., Philpott D.J., Girardin S.E. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammation, immunity and disease. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2019, Vol. 670, pp. 69-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nizet V. Bacteria and phagocytes: mortal enemies. J. Innate Immun., 2010, Vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 505-507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nizet V. Bacteria and phagocytes: mortal enemies. J. Innate Immun., 2010, Vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 505-507.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pashenkov M.V., Dagil Y.A., Pinegin B.V. NOD1 and NOD2: Molecular targets in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2018, Vol. 54, pp. 385-400.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pashenkov M.V., Dagil Y.A., Pinegin B.V. NOD1 and NOD2: Molecular targets in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2018, Vol. 54, pp. 385-400.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roth S.A., Simanski M., Rademacher F., Schrader L., Harder J. The pattern recognition receptor NOD2 mediates Staphylococcus aureus-induced IL-17C expression in keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2014, Vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 374-380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roth S.A., Simanski M., Rademacher F., Schrader L., Harder J. The pattern recognition receptor NOD2 mediates Staphylococcus aureus-induced IL-17C expression in keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2014, Vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 374-380.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smagur J., Guzik K., Magiera L., Bzowska M., Gruca M., Thogersen I.B., Enghild J.J., Potempa J. A new pathway of staphylococcal pathogenesis: Apoptosis-like death induced by staphopain B in human neutrophils and monocytes. J. Innate Immun., 2009, Vol. 1, pp. 98-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smagur J., Guzik K., Magiera L., Bzowska M., Gruca M., Thogersen I.B., Enghild J.J., Potempa J. A new pathway of staphylococcal pathogenesis: Apoptosis-like death induced by staphopain B in human neutrophils and monocytes. J. Innate Immun., 2009, Vol. 1, pp. 98-108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Avondt K., van Sorge N.M., Meyaard L. Bacterial immune evasion through manipulation of host inhibitory immune signaling. PLoS Pathog., 2015, Vol. 11, no. 3, e1004644. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004644.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Avondt K., van Sorge N.M., Meyaard L. Bacterial immune evasion through manipulation of host inhibitory immune signaling. PLoS Pathog., 2015, Vol. 11, no. 3, e1004644. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004644.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
