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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-2019-1-171-188</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1712</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХРОНИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHRONICLE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ИТОГИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ АУТОИММУНОЛОГИИ В МИРЕ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ 11-ГО МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО КОНГРЕССА В ЛИССАБОНЕ 16-20 МАЯ 2018 ГОДА). СООБЩЕНИЕ I: ПЕРВАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ АУТОИММУНИТЕТА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>SYNOPSIS AND PROSPECTS OF AUTOIMMUNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT WORLDWIDE (AFTER THE MATERIALS OF THE 11th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS IN LISBON, MAY 16-20, 2018). PROCEEDING I: FIRST ACADEMY OF AUTOIMMUNITY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korneva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., академик РАН, профессор кафедры патологии медицинского факультета; главный научный сотрудник – научный консультант отдела общей патологии и патофизиологии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., D.Sci. (Medicine), Full Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty; Chief Research Associate – Scientific Advisor, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петяева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petyaeva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории мозаики аутоиммунитета, студентка 5 курса</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Assistant-Researcher, Laboratory of Mosaic of Autoimmunity, 5th year Student</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федоткина</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedotkina</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., доцент, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории мозаики аутоиммунитета; доцент кафедры гистологии и эмбриологии имени профессора А.Г. Кнорре</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Associate Professor, Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Mosaic of Autoimmunity; Associate Professor, Prof. A. Knorre Department of Histology and Embryology</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чурилов</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Churilov</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, действительный член Международной академии наук (Здоровье и экология), член-корр. Международной академии наук высшей школы, заведующий кафедрой патологии медицинского факультета, заместитель руководителя лаборатории мозаики аутоиммунитета; ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7-9, пом. 1043.Тел.: 8 (812) 326-03-26 (доб. 5215).  </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Full Member, International Academy of Sciences (Health and Ecology), Corresponding Member, International Higher School Academy of Sciences, Head, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Deputy-Chief, Laboratory of Mosaic of Autoimmunity; Leading Research Associate, St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthysiopulmonology</p><p>199034, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya emb., 7-9, room 1043.Phone: 7 (812) 326-03-26 (add. 5215).</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elpach@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шенфельд</surname><given-names>И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shoenfeld</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицины, профессор, магистр клинических исследований, почетный член Лондонского королевского колледжа врачей, основатель и руководитель Центра аутоиммунных заболеваний имени П. Заблудовича в Медицинском центре имени Х. Шебы (Тель-Хашомер, Рамат-Ган), аффилированном с Саклеровским медицинским факультетом Университета Тель-Авива; исполняющий обязанности заведующего кафедрой изучения аутоиммунных болезней имени Лауры Шварц-Кипп на Саклеровском медицинском факультете Университета Тель-Авива; главный научный сотрудник, руководитель лаборатории мозаики аутоиммунитета ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет» (Санкт-Петербург)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., F.R.C.P. (Hon.), Ma. A. C. R., Professor, Founder and Head, Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases at Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan; Incumbent, Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University (Tel Aviv); Chief Research Associate and Head, Laboratory of Mosaic of Autoimmunity, St. Petersburg State University (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»; ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State University; Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»; ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»; ФГБУ «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт фтизиопульмонологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthysiopulmonology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»; Центр аутоиммунных заболеваний П. Заблудовича; Медицинский центр имени Х. Шеба; Университет Тель-Авива</institution><country>Израиль</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State University; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Ramat Gan; Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan; Tel Aviv University</institution><country>Israel</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>01</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>171</fpage><lpage>188</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Корнева Е.А., Петяева А.В., Федоткина Т.В., Чурилов Л.П., Шенфельд И., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Корнева Е.А., Петяева А.В., Федоткина Т.В., Чурилов Л.П., Шенфельд И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korneva E.A., Petyaeva A.V., Fedotkina T.V., Churilov L.P., Shoenfeld Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1712">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1712</self-uri><abstract><p>Обзорная статья написана по материалам 11-го международного конгресса по аутоиммунитету и Первой академии аутоиммунитета, прошедших с 14 по 20 мая 2018 г. в Лиссабоне. В первой части рассматриваются и обсуждаются формирование, основные проблемы и перспективы развития аутоиммунологии как интегральной отрасли фундаментальной и клинической медицины, занятой изучением, диагностикой, лечением и профилактикой аутоиммунных болезней различных органов и систем. Этих форм патологии насчитывают до 90. Дана сводка всех проведенных в рамках Академии аутоиммунитета лекций, включая обсуждение затронутых в ходе Академии новейших и дискуссионных аспектов развития современного учения об иммунной системе, аутоиммунитете и аутоиммунной патологии. Представлены сведения о проблемах современной иммунологии, связанных с использованием больших баз клинико-лабораторных данных и с экстраполяцией на человека данных экспериментов на животных. Освещены новейшие представления о врожденном иммунитете, включая популяции врожденных лимфоидных клеток, о роли различных групп рецепторов системы врожденного иммунитета, об участии механизмов врожденного иммунитета в возникновении аутоиммунной патологии. Представлены современные концепции презентации антигенов, включая классификацию дендритных клеток, альтернативные пути активации макрофагов, костимуляторные и тормозные взаимодействия лигандов и рецепторов лимфоцитов и антигенпредставляющих клеток. Освещены новейшие представления о субпопуляциях Т-лимфоцитов и их роли, включая функции Tfh-клеток и взаимоотношения этих субпопуляций при различных иммунных ответах. Обсуждается влияние микробиоты на субпопуляции Т-клеток. Сформулированы основные закономерности явления иммунологической памяти. Освещены вопросы антителообразования и функций В-лимфоцитов с учетом недавно открытых механизмов внутриклеточного проникновения иммуноглобулинов и аффинного созревания лимфоидных клонов. Описаны связанные с воздействиями на В- и Т-лимфоциты новые терапевтические подходы в лечении аутоиммунных болезней. Освещены механизмы центральной и периферической аутотолерантности с учетом данных о функции AIRE-гена и Т-регуляторов. Рассматривается роль Т-регуляторов при плацентогенезе. По-новому трактуется роль интерлейкина-2 и его рекомбинантных аналогов в иммунных взаимодействиях, с учетом не только их иммуностимулирующего, но и, в определенных условиях, – иммуносупрессорного потенциала. Уделено значительное внимание тормозным рецепторам Т-лимфоцитов и иммунобиотерапевтическим воздействиям на них. Кратко обсуждены история и современное состояние онкоиммунологии и применение ингибиторов тормозных рецепторов Т-лимфоцитов в онкологии, включая побочные эффекты такого лечения. Даны сведения о прошедшей 21-23 сентября 2018 г. Второй Академии аутоиммунитета в Санкт-Петербурге.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A review article is an aftermath of the 11th International Congress on Autoimmunity and First Academy of Autoimmunity, happened 14th to 20th May, 2018 in Lisbon. The first part of paper discusses the formation, main problems and prospects for the development of Autoimmunology as a new integral branch of fundamental and clinical Medicine engaged in the research, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases of various organs and systems, totally circa 90 of them. A summary of all lectures conducted during the Academy of Autoimmunity is given, including a discussion of the newest and controversial aspects of the development of the modern concepts of the immune system, autoimmunity and autoimmune pathology. Article reviews data on the current problems of Immunology associated with the use of large databases of clinical and laboratory findings and extrapolation of animal experimentation data to humans. The newest ideas about congenital immunity, including the populations of innate lymphoid cells, on the role of various groups of receptors of the innate immunity system, on the participation of the mechanisms of innate immunity in pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders are highlighted. Modern concepts of antigen presentation are offered, including classification of dendritic cells, alternative pathways of macrophage activation, as well as on costimulatory and inhibitory interactions of ligands and receptors of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. The latest data about the subpopulations of T lymphocytes and their role, including the functions of Tfh cells and the relationships of these subpopulations with various immune responses are highlighted. Influence of microbiota on T cell subpopulations is discussed. The main regularities of the phenomenon of immunological memory are formulated. The questions of antibody production and B lymphocyte functions are considered taking into account recently discovered mechanisms of intracellular penetration of immunoglobulins and details of affinity maturation of lymphoid clones. The new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of autoimmune diseases associated with influences on B and T lymphocytes are described. Mechanisms of central and peripheral autotolerance have been highlighted, taking into account data on the function of the AIRE gene and T regulators. The role of T regulators in placentation is considered. The role of interleukin-2 and its recombinant analogues in immune interactions is interpreted in a new way, taking into account not only their immunostimulating, but, under certain conditions, immunosuppressive potential also. Considerable attention has been paid to the inhibitory receptors of T lymphocytes and to immuno-biotherapeutic effects on them. The history and current status of Oncoimmunology and the use of blockers of inhibitory T lymphocyte receptors in Oncology, including the side effects of treatment with check-point inhibitors, are briefly discussed. Information was given on the held on 21-23 September 2018 2nd Academy of Autoimmunity in St. Petersburg.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутоиммунитет</kwd><kwd>презентация антигенов</kwd><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>субпопуляции лимфоцитов</kwd><kwd>активация макрофагов</kwd><kwd>интерлейкины</kwd><kwd>Т-регуляторы</kwd><kwd>аутотолерантность</kwd><kwd>противоопухолевый иммунитет</kwd><kwd>тормозные рецепторы лимфоцитов</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autoimmunity</kwd><kwd>antigen presentation</kwd><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>lymphocyte subpopulations</kwd><kwd>macrophage activation</kwd><kwd>interleukins</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>T regulators</kwd><kwd>autotolerance</kwd><kwd>antitumor immunity</kwd><kwd>inhibitory receptors of lymphocytes</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">грант Правительства РФ (договор № 14.W03.31.0009 от 13.02.2017 г.)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ватад А., Шенфельд И. 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